Chapter 28 Flashcards by Nina Sandhu

Q

How does an alkene become an alkane?

A

H2 and Nickel catalyst

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Q

How does an alkene become a haloalkane?

A

Hydrogen halide

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Q

How does an alkane become a Haloalkane?

A

halogen and UV light

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Q

How does an alcohol become a haloalkane?

A

Sodium halide and H2SO4

NaX + H2SO4 –> NaHSO4 + HCl

that Cl is used to replace the OH which binds to the H to make H2O

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Q

How does a Haloalkane become an alcohol?

A

NaOH

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Q

How does a haloalkane become a nitrile?

A

CN- and Ethanol

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Q

How does a haloalkane become an Amine?

A

NH3 and ethanol

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Q

How does an alkene become an alcohol?

A

H2O (steam) and H3PO4 catalyst

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Q

How does an alcohol become a carboxylic acid?

A

K2Cr207 and a H2SO4 catalyst under reflux.

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Q

How does a secondary alcohol become a ketone?

A

K2Cr207 and a H2SO4 catalyst under reflux.

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Q

How does an alcohol form an alkene?

A

H3PO4 or H2SO4 catalyst and heat.

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Q

How does a primary alcohol form an aldehyde?

A

K2Cr207 and a H2SO4 catalyst under distillation

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Q

How does an aldehyde form a primary alcohol?

A

NaBH4

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Q

How does a ketone form a secondary alcohol?

A

NaBH4

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Q

How does an aldehyde form a Hydroxynitrile?

A

NaCN and H+

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Q

How does a ketone form a Hydroxynitrile?

A

NaCN and H+

Q

How does a Nitrile form a carboxylic acid?

A

H2O and HCL catalyst and heat.

Q

How does a Nitrile form an amine?

A

H2 and Nickel catalyst

Q

How does a Hydroxynitrile form an amine?

A

H2 and Nickel catalyst

Q

How does a Hydroxynitrile form a carboxylic acid?

A

H20 and HCL catalyst and heat.

Q

How does an alcohol form an ester?

A

carboxylic acid + H2SO4

Q

How does a carboxylic acid form an ester?

A

alcohol + H2SO4

Q

How does an ester form a carboxylic acid?

A

acid hydrolysis (H+/H20)
dilute acid and heat

Q

How does an ester form a carboxylate?

A

alkaline hydrolysis
(NaOH- and heat)

How does an acyl chloride form an ester?

alcohol

How does an acyl chloride form a primary amide?

NH3

How does an acyl chloride form a secondary amide?

primary amine

How does an acyl chloride form a carboxylic acid?

H2O