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Biochemistry Exam 3 > Chapter 27: Fatty Acid Degradation > Flashcards

Chapter 27: Fatty Acid Degradation Flashcards

0
Q

More energy is stored and extracted from FAs compared to _____. 1g of fat has _____ more energy than 1 g of glycogen.

A

Compared to carbohydrates

6.75 times more energy because they are reduced

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1
Q

Fatty acids are fuel molecules that are stored in _____ as…

A

Adipose tissues as Triacylglycerols (TAG)

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2
Q

FAs in TAG are more reduced than _____.

A

Monosaccharides

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3
Q

Fatty acid stores are good for _____ whereas glycogen is good for _____.

A

FAs - Several weeks

Glycogen - Days

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4
Q

Fatty acids in TAG stored in adipose tissue are processed in 3 stages:

A
  1. Degradation of TAG to release FAs and Glycerol into the blood for transport to other tissues
  2. Activation of FAs and transport into mitochondria for oxidation
  3. Degradation of FAs to Acetyl CoA
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5
Q

Degradation of FAs is in…

A

Mitochondria

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6
Q

Stage 1: Degradation of TAG

A

TAG –> Glycerol + FAs by lipases

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7
Q

TAG are stored in _____ as _____.

A

Adipocytes as lipid droplets

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8
Q

During stage 1, what stimulates lipid breakdown (lipolysis)?

A

Epinephrine and Glucagon

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9
Q

Stage 1: Adipocyte Triacylglyceride Lipase (ATGL) is activated by…

A

Perilipin (associated with the lipid droplet)

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10
Q

Stage 1: What does ATGL do?

A

Mobilizes TAG to FA and DAG

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11
Q

Stage 1: What converts diacylglycerol to FA and MAG?

A

Hormone sensitive-lipase (HS Lipase)

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12
Q

Stage 1: Monacylglycerol (MAG) lipase produces…

A

FA and Glycerol

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13
Q

Stage 2: Activation of FAs and Transport into mitochondria

A

Activation: Linkage of fatty acids to Coenzyme A by acyl-CoA snythetase, which occurs on mitochondrial outer membrane

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14
Q

Free FAs are transported to liver and muscle by…

A

Serum albumin complexes

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15
Q

Stage 2: The reaction is rendered irreversible by _____.

A

Pyrophosphatase

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16
Q

Transport into mitochondria by the _____.

A

Carnitine Shuttle

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17
Q

After activation, FA is transferred to carnitine by _____, which generates _____.

A

Carnitine acyltransferase I, which generates acyl carnitine

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18
Q

A _____ transports the acyl carnitine into the mitochondria.

A

Translocase

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19
Q

In mitochondria, _____ transfers the FA to CoA generating _____.

A

Carnitine acyltransferase II, generating fatty acyl CoA

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20
Q

What three things use FAs as a fuel?

A

Muscle, heart and kidney

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21
Q

Pathological conditions result if FAs cannot enter mitochondria due to a deficiency of _____, _____ or _____.

A

Carnitine, acyltransferase or translocase

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22
Q

Carnitine deficiencies can be treated by…

A

Carnitine supplementation

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23
Q

Stage 3: Degradation of FAs to Acetyl CoA

FA degradation consists of 4 steps that are repeated:

A
  1. Oxidation by FAD
  2. Hydration
  3. Oxidation by NAD+
  4. Thiolysis by CoA
24
Q

The enzymes of FA oxidation are associated with each other on the _____ - ready to feed into the _____.

A

On the inner mitochondrial membrane - ready to feed into the ETC

25
Q

What 3 things are generated by FA oxidation (Beta oxidation)?

A

Acetyl CoA, NADH, and FADH2

26
Q

Fatty acid chain is _____ by 2 carbon atoms

A

Shortened

27
Q

The complete oxidation of Palmitate yields…

A

106 molecules of ATP

28
Q

What two things are required for oxidation of unsaturated FAs?

A

Isomerase and Reductase

29
Q

Unsaturated FAs with odd-numbered double bonds require only the _____.

A

Isomerase

30
Q

Even-numbered unsaturated FAs require…

A

Both the isomerase and reductase

31
Q

Odd-Chain FAs yield _____ in the final thiolysis step.

A

Propionyl CoA

32
Q

Beta-oxidation of FAs with odd numbers of carbons generates _____

A

Propionyl CoA in the thiolysis step

33
Q

A biotin enzyme adds a carbon to propionyl CoA to form _____. What is this biotin enzyme called?

A

Biotin enzyme: Propionyl carboxylase

Form methylmalonyl CoA

34
Q

What is formed from methylmalonyl CoA? And name the catalyst and what pathway it enters.

A

Succinyl CoA is formed by methylmalonyl CoA mutase and enters the TCA

35
Q

What is another fuel source derived from fats?

A

Ketone bodies

36
Q

Ketone-body synthesis (Ketogenesis) takes place in…

A

Liver

37
Q

Excess acetyl CoA from Beta-oxidation is converted to ketone bodies made of _____ and _____ in liver mitochondria.

A

Acetoacetate and B-hydroxybutyrate

38
Q

Ketone bodies are transported in the blood to other tissues for use as fuel and are converted to ______.

A

Acetyl CoA

39
Q

Ketone Bodies are a crucial fuel source during _____.

A

Starvation

40
Q

What is used during the first day of starvation?

A

Glycogen stores

41
Q

After the 1st day of starvation, glycogen stores are exhausted and _____ become the major fuel source.

A

Fatty Acids

42
Q

After 3 days of starvation, what % of energy need of brain is met by ketone bodies?

A

30%

43
Q

After several weeks of starvation, ______ become the major fuel.

A

Ketone bodies

44
Q

Ketone body se prevents _____ and avoids _____ and _____.

A

Prevents protein degradation and avoids tissue failure and death.

45
Q

Survival time is determined by _____.

A

Triacylglycerol depot

46
Q

Diabetes can lead to a life-threatening excess of…

A

Ketone-body production

47
Q

During diabetes, insulin is _____ and glucose _____.

A

Insulin is not functioning or absent and glucose cannot be utilized.

48
Q

All energy must be derived from _____, leading to the production of _____ and _____.

A

Fats, production of acetyl CoA and ketone bodies

50
Q

Ketone bodies are moderately _____ and excess production can lead to…

A

Strong acids and excess can lead to acidosis, called diabetic ketosis

51
Q

How many rounds of β oxidation would be required for a 16-carbon fatty acyl chain to be degraded to acetyl CoA?

A

7 rounds

52
Q 
Which of the following is NOT involved in mobilization of triacylglycerols to be used as an energy source?
		 protein kinase A
		 hormones such as epinephrine
		 adipocyte triacylglycerol lipase
		 aldehyde dehydrogenase
		 adenylate cyclase
A

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

53
Q

T or F: The carnitine shuttle system is a critical component of fatty acid synthesis

A

False; degradation

54
Q

T or F: Carnitine deficiencies can result in muscle weakness.

A

True

55
Q

T or F: In the carnitine shuttle system, it is important for transport across the inner mitochondria membrane

A

True

56
Q

T or F: The carnitine shuttle system is needed for transport of long-chain fatty acyl CoA molecules

A

True

57
Q

Ketone bodies are principal fuels for…

A

The brain during starvation

58
Q

What is the correct order of reactions in the beta-oxidation cycle that is used to break down fatty acids to yield acetyl-CoA.

A

Oxidation, hydration, oxidation

Biochemistry Exam 3 (10 decks)

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