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Chemistry Module 6 Organic Chemistry And Analysis > Chapter 27 Amines, Amino Acids And Polymers > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Amines, Amino Acids And Polymers Flashcards

1
Q

What is an amine?

A

An organic compound derived from ammonia where one or more of the H atoms are replaced by Carbon chains or rings

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2
Q

What is a primary amine?

A

Where one H atom attached to the Nitrogen is replaced by a carbon chain

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3
Q

What is a secondary amine?

A

Where two H atoms attached to the Nitrogen are replaced by Carbon chains

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4
Q

What is a tertiary amine?

A

Where three hydrogen atoms attached to the Nitrogen are replaced by three Carbon chains

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5
Q

What is an aliphatic amine?

A

The Nitrogen atom is attached to at least one straight/ branched carbon chain or non aromatic ring

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6
Q

What is an aromatic amine?

A

The Nitrogen is attached to a benzene ring

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7
Q

Why are amines able to act as bases?

A

Because they can accept a proton/ H+ ion using the lone pair of electrons on the Nitrogen atom to form a dative covalent bond

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8
Q

What is the base reaction of an amine?

A

Amines will accept a proton to form an alkyl ammonium ion

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9
Q

How are amines able to form salts?

A

Amines neutralise acids in order to form salts by accepting a proton

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10
Q

State the name of the ion formed in this base reaction
CH3CH2NH2 + H+ —->

A

CH3CH2NH3+
Ethylammonium

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11
Q

State the name of the salt formed in the neutralisation reaction of
2CH3CH2NH2 + H2SO4 ——>

A

(CH3CH2NH3+)2 SO4^2-
Ethylammonium sulfate

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12
Q

Describe how aliphatic amines can be prepared

A

A haloalkanes is reacted with excess ammonia in ethanol
A nucleophilic substitution reaction will take place as NH3 acts as a nucleophile by donating lone pair of electrons to the slightly positive C atom of the C—X (halogen) bond causing it to break by heterolytic fission

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13
Q

State the equation for the preparation of ethyl amine

A

C2H5Cl + 2NH3 —-> C2H5NH2 + NH4+Cl^-
The lone pair of electrons on NH3 is donated to the slightly positive Carbon atom so the C—Cl bond breaks by heterolytic fission
Nucleophilic substitution

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14
Q

Why is ethanol used when preparing aliphatic amines?

A

To prevent water reacting with the haloalkane instead because the O in water also has a lone pair of electrons which could act the same as the Nitrogen lone pair in NH3

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15
Q

Why is excess ammonia used when preparing aliphatic amines?

A

To prevent further substitution of secondary and tertiary amines

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16
Q

How can aromatic amines be prepared?

A

Reducing a nitroarene by refluxing with tin and concentrated HCl

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17
Q

State the equation for the preparation of phenylamine

A

C6H5NO2 + 6[H] —> C6H5NH2 + 2H2O

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18
Q

What is an amide?

A

A derivative of a carboxylic acid where the hydroxyl group has been replaced with ammonia/ amine

19
Q

How can amides be prepared?

A

1- Reacting ammonia or amine with acyl chloride
2- Reacting ammonia or amine with acid anhydride

20
Q

What are alpha amino acids?

A

Contain an amine group and a carboxylic acid group bonded to the same Carbon atom

21
Q

What is the general formula of alpha amino acids?

A

RCH(NH2)COOH

22
Q

State the simplest alpha amino acid?

A

Glycine- the variable R group is H

23
Q

What type of isomerism can all alpha amino acids show?

A

All alpha amino acids except glycine can show:
Optical isomerism because they have a chiral carbon.

24
Q

What is a chiral carbon?

A

A carbon atom bonded to 4 different atoms or groups of atoms

25
Q

Within an alpha amino acid how can the NH2 group(s) react?

A

The NH2 group can react with acids as the lone pair on the Nitrogen atom can accept a proton to form an ammonium ion NH3+

26
Q

Within an alpha amino acid how can the COOH group(s) react?

A

The COOH group can react with bases donating its H+ ion to form a carboxylate ion (COO-)

27
Q

How do alpha amino acids react to form esters?

A

Alpha amino acids react with an alcohol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid and heat to produce an ester and water

28
Q

What is optical isomerism?

A

A type of stereoisomerism (same structural formula but different spatial arrangement of atoms/ groups of atoms) that occurs when organic molecules have a chiral centre carbon atom with 4 different atoms or groups attached.

29
Q

What are the features of an optical isomer?

A

They are non superimposable mirror images of each other
For each chiral centre there are 2 possible isomers

30
Q

What are the optical isomers referred to as?

A

Enantiomers this is because they are compounds with the same structural formula but have an arrangement of atoms and groups that cannot be placed one over the other.

31
Q

State the equation that can be used to calculate the total number of optical isomers possible

A

2^Number of chiral centres
Eg, 2 chiral centres is 2^2 = 4 isomers

32
Q

Describe the stages used to draw the 3D representation of an optical isomer

A

Identify the chiral centre
Draw the empty tetrahedral molecule with the C at the centre
Position the atoms and groups around the carbon
Mirror the drawing

33
Q

Describe the stages of drawing an optical isomer which has two chiral centres

A

This means there will be 4 different isomers:
Firstly mirror both chiral centres
Then mirror the top chiral centre only
Finally mirror the bottom chiral centre only

34
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

The joining together of monomers with loss of a small molecule such as water

35
Q

State the conditions needed to hydrolyse condensation polymers

A

Hot aqueous acid or hot aqueous alkali

36
Q

What is a primary amide?

A

An amide where the Nitrogen is directly bonded to one carbon atom only

37
Q

What is a secondary amide?

A

An amide where the Nitrogen is directly bonded to 2 carbon atoms

38
Q

What is a tertiary amide?

A

An amide where the nitrogen is directly bonded to 3 carbon atoms

39
Q

How can primary amides be formed?

A

Acyl chloride is reacted with ammonia
Acid anhydride is reacted with ammonia

40
Q

How can secondary amides be formed?

A

Acyl chloride is reacted with a primary amine
Acid anhydride is reacted with a primary amine

41
Q

How can tertiary amides be formed?

A

Acyl chloride is reacted with a secondary amine
Acid anhydride is reacted with a secondary amine

42
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

Chiral molecules that can exist in different forms, different enantiomers rotate plane polarised light in opposite directions

43
Q

What is racemate?

A

Racemate refers to a mixture that contains equal amounts of two enantiomers which are mirror images of each other.

Chemistry Module 6 Organic Chemistry And Analysis (3 decks)

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