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BIOL 235 Midterm 3 > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

Body fluid

A

A substance, usually a liquid, that is produced by the body and consists of water and dissolved solutes. In lean adults, body fluids constitute between 55-60% of total body mass.

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2
Q

What are the two main “compartments” that body fluids are present in? Describe them:

A
  1. Intracellular fluid (ICF): the fluid within cells; where two-thirds of body fluid is.
  2. Extracellular fluid (ECF): the fluid outside cells; where one-third of body fluid is.
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3
Q

What two portions can extracellular fluid (ECF) be divided into? Describe them:

A
  1. Interstitial fluid: occupies the microscopic spaces between tissue cells; 80% of the ECF.
  2. Blood plasma: the lipid portion of the blood; 20% of the ECF.
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4
Q

What two general “barriers” separate intracellular fluid (ICF), interstitial fluid, and blood plasma?

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Blood vessel walls
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5
Q

Fluid balance

A

The required amounts of water and solutes are present and are correctly proportioned among the various compartments.

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6
Q

Water

A

Largest single component of the body; makes up 45-75% of total body mass.

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7
Q

Electrolytes

A

Inorganic compounds that dissociate into ions.

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8
Q

Metabolic water

A

Source of water that is produced in the body mainly when electrons are accepted by oxygen during aerobic respiration, and to a smaller extent during dehydration synthesis reactions. Metabolic water gain accounts for only 200mL/day.

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9
Q

What is the mechanism and effect of the thirst center in the hypothalamus?

A

Mechanism: stimulates desire to drink fluids.
Effect: water gained if thirst is quenched.

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10
Q

Dehydration

A

A decrease in volume and an increase in osmolarity of body fluids. Occurs when water loss is greater than water gain.

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11
Q

Urinary salt (NaCl) loss

A

The main factor that determines body fluid volume. The reason for this is that “water follows solutes” in osmosis, and the two main solutes in extracellular fluid (ECF) (and in urine) are sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-)

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12
Q

Urinary water loss

A

The main factor that determines body fluid osmolarity

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13
Q

What is the mechanism and effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin)

A

Mechanism: promotes insertion of water-channel proteins (aquaporin-2) into apical membranes of principal cells in collecting ducts of kidneys. As a result, water permeability of these cells increases and more water is reabsorbed.
Effect: reduces loss of water in urine.

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14
Q

What are the two most important hormones that regulate the extent of renal Na+ absorption (and thus how much is lost in the urine)?

A
  1. Aldosterone
  2. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
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15
Q

What is the mechanism and effect of aldosterone?

A

Mechanism: by promoting urinary reabsorption of Na+, increases water reabsorption via osmosis.
Effect: reduces loss of water in urine.

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16
Q

What is the mechanism and effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

A

Mechanism: promotes natriuresis, elevated urinary excretion of Na+, accompanied by water.
Effect: increases loss of water in urine.

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17
Q

Natriuresis

A

Elevated excretion of Na+ into the urine.

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18
Q

What happens if there is an increase in the osmolarity of extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

Might occur, for example, after you eat a salty meal. The increased intake of NaCl produces an increase in the levels of Na+ and Cl− in extracellular fluid. As a result, the osmolarity of extracellular fluid increases, which causes net movement of water from cells into extracellular fluid. Such water movement shrinks the cells of the body.

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19
Q

What happens if there is a decrease in the osmolarity of extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

Might occur, for example, after drinking a large volume of water. This dilution causes the levels of Na+ and Cl− in extracellular fluid to fall below the normal range. When the extracellular concentrations of Na+ and Cl− decrease, the osmolarity of extracellular fluid also decreases. The net result is movement of water from extracellular fluid into cells, which causes the cells to swell.

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20
Q

Water intoxication

A

A state in which excessive body water causes cells to swell dangerously.

21
Q

What four general functions in the body do ions formed when electrolytes dissolve and dissociate serve?

A
  1. Because they are largely confined to particular fluid compartments and are more numerous than nonelectrolytes, certain ions control the osmosis of water between fluid compartments.
  2. Ions help maintain the acid–base balance required for normal cellular activities.
  3. Ions carry electrical current, which allows production of action potentials and graded potentials.
  4. Several ions serve as cofactors needed for optimal activity of enzymes.
22
Q

Milliequivalents per liter (mEq/liter)

A

Give the concentration of cations or anions in a given volume of solution.

23
Q

Describe the deficiency name/causes and signs/symptoms, along with the excess name/causes and signs/symptoms of sodium (Na+)

A
24
Q

Describe the deficiency name/causes and signs/symptoms, along with the excess name/causes and signs/symptoms of chloride (Cl-)

A
25
Q

Describe the deficiency name/causes and signs/symptoms, along with the excess name/causes and signs/symptoms of potassium (K+)

A
26
Q

Describe the deficiency name/causes and signs/symptoms, along with the excess name/causes and signs/symptoms of calcium (Ca2+)

A
27
Q

Describe the deficiency name/causes and signs/symptoms, along with the excess name/causes and signs/symptoms of phosphate (HPO42-)

A
28
Q

Describe the deficiency name/causes and signs/symptoms, along with the excess name/causes and signs/symptoms of magnesium (Mg2+)

A
29
Q

What three major mechanisms does the removal of H+ from body fluids and its subsequent elimination from the body depend on?

A
  1. Buffer systems
  2. Exhalation of carbon dioxide
  3. Kidney excretion of H+
30
Q

Buffer systems

A

Most consist of a weak acid and its salt, which functions as a weak base. They prevent drastic changes in body fluid pH.

31
Q

Proteins buffer system

A

The most abundant buffers in body cells and blood. Hemoglobin inside red blood cells is a good buffer.

32
Q

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

A

Important regulator of blood pH. The most abundant buffers in extracellular fluid (ECF).

33
Q

Phosphate buffer system

A

Important buffers in intracellular fluid (ICF) and urine.

34
Q

What is the role of exhalation of CO2 in maintaining pH of body fluids?

A

With increased exhalation of CO2, pH rises (fewer H+). With decreased exhalation of CO2, pH falls (more H+).

35
Q

Because H2CO3 can be eliminated
by exhaling CO2, it is called a ______.

A

Volatile acid

36
Q

What is the role of the kidneys in maintaining pH of body fluids?

A

Renal tubules secrete H+ into urine and reabsorb HCO3 - so it is not lost in urine.

37
Q

Nonvolatile acids

A

Produced by metabolic reactions.

38
Q

Proton pumps (H+ ATPases)

A

Found on the apical membranes of some intercalated cells. Secrete H+ into the tubular fluid.

39
Q

Cl–HCO3- antiporters

A

Found on the basolateral membrane of some intercalated cells. Allow for HCO3- to pass into peritubular capillaries.

40
Q

Acidosis

A

Condition where blood pH is below 7.35.

41
Q

Alkalosis

A

Condition where blood pH is higher than 7.45.

42
Q

Compensation

A

The physiological response to an acid- base imbalance that acts to normalize arterial blood pH.

43
Q

Respiratory compensation

A

A form of compensation in which a person has altered blood pH due to metabolic causes, and hyperventilation or hypoventilation is used to help bring blood pH back toward the normal range. Occurs within minutes and reaches its maximum within hours.

44
Q

Renal compensation

A

A form of compensation in which a person has altered blood pH due to respiratory causes, and changes in secretion of H+ and reabsorption of HCO3- by the kidney tubule can help reverse the change. May begin in minutes, but it takes days to reach maximum effectiveness.

45
Q

What is the definition, common causes, and compensatory mechanism of respiratory acidosis?

A
46
Q

What is the definition, common causes, and compensatory mechanism of respiratory alkalosis?

A
47
Q

What is the definition, common causes, and compensatory mechanism of metabolic acidosis?

A
48
Q

What is the definition, common causes, and compensatory mechanism of metabolic alkalosis?

A

BIOL 235 Midterm 3 (9 decks)

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