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LEC - NCM 109 > CHAPTER 27 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 27 Flashcards

1
Q

Commonly Affected Systems in Children Born with Physical or Developmental Challenges

A

• Skeletal system
• Gastrointestinal System
• Nervous System

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2
Q

“tongue-tied”
- abnormal restriction of tongue by abnormally tight frenulum

A

ANKYLOGLOSSIA

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3
Q

It is a failure of the maxillary & median nasal processes to fuse that range from small notch in the upper lip to total separation of lip & facial structure up into floor of the nose, with even upper teeth and gingiva absent.

A

CLEFT LIP

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4
Q

It is a palate opening that usually on the midline & involves anterior hard palate, posterior soft palate, or both.
- palate process closes at 9th-12th WOOL

A

CLEFT PALATE

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5
Q

a triad of micrognathia (small mandible, cleft palate, and glossoptosis (tongue malpositioned downward)

A

PIERRE ROBIN SYNDROME

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6
Q

an example of cleft palate occuring as only one part of a syndrome

A

PIERRE ROBIN SYNDROME

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7
Q

orifice/passage in the body that is closed or absent

A

ATRESIA

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8
Q

-abnormally/surgically made passage between hollow or tubular organ and body surface, between 2 hollow or tubular organs

A

FISTULA

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9
Q

obstruction of esophagus

A

ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA

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10
Q

Management of FISTULA, ATRESIA, ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA

A

•emergency surgery
•antibiotics
•gastrostomy
•close monitoring until suture dissolves

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11
Q
  • Abdominal contents protruding through wall of abdomen at the junction of umbilical cord and abdomen.
  • Intestines are usually herniated but sometimes it included STOMACH and LIVER
A

OMPHALOCELE

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12
Q

usually converted and contained by THIN AMNION and CHORION LAYER with umbilical cord protruding from EXPOSED SAC

A

OMPHALOCELE

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13
Q
  • defect < 4cm
A

HERNIA OF UMBILICAL CORD

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14
Q
  • > 10cm
A

TRUE OMPHALOCELE EXIST

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15
Q
  • covered by thin membrane (but can be ruptured)
  • central through umbilical ring
A

OMPHALOCELE

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16
Q
  • No covering membrane (but there could be fibrous matter)
    lateral to umbilicus (often to the right)
A

GASTROSCHISIS

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17
Q

Management of OMPHALOCELE

A
  • surgery within 24hrs after birth
  • IF SMALL (one stage repair may be possible)
  • IF LARGE (surgical approach with the use of prosthetic patch
  • Silastic pouch / “silo”
  • TPN
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18
Q

pt had hydramnios throughout pregnancy
findings: newborn is < 30mL gastric contents can be aspirated, distended abdomen and tender to palpate
- when infant vomit; NOT SOUR SMELLING, appearance may be GREEN or BLACK

A

STENOSIS NARROWING

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19
Q
  • pain can be manifested by hard, forceful distressful crying, and legs pulling up against abdomen
  • Tachypnea as diaphragm is pushed up
  • abdominal flat-plate radiograph pr sonogram reveals ABSENCE OF AIR AT THE LEVEL OF OBSTRUCTION
A
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20
Q

Confirmation of STENOSIS NARROWING because this aids greater visualization of point of obstruction

A

BARIUM ENEMA/SWALLOW

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21
Q

other term is “anal stenosis

A

IMPERFORATE ANUS

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22
Q

Assessment of IMPERFORATE ANUS INCLUDE THESE 3

A

• wink reflex is absent
• no stools will be passed
• distended abdomen

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23
Q

is narrowing the end of tube that takes stool out of the body

A

ANAL STRICTURE

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24
Q

• absence of stool
• passing of stools in other openings
• swollen belly
• absence of anal opening

A

Clinical Manifestations of Newborns with IMPERFORATE ANUS (first physical examination)

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25
Q

Management of IMPERFORATE ANUS

A

• NPO until surgery done
• temporary colostomy until repair, if possible
• OGT/NGT insertion
• IV for fluid and electrolyte replacement
• Surgery

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26
Q
  • protrusion of an abdominal organ (usually the stomach or intestine) through a defect
  • usually occurs on the left side causing CARDIAC DISPLACEMENT to the right side of chest and COLLAPSE of lungs
A

DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA

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27
Q

Assessment of DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA

A

• bowel removal can be don me via FETOSCOPY
• dyspnea occurs due to lung compressed by an abdominal organ

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28
Q

• abdomen looks generally sunken
• affected side has absent breath sounds
• infant looks cyanotic
• retraction in the intercoastal or subcoastal retractions
• shunting of right-to-left by foramen ovale and may cause patency of ductus arteriosus

A

DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA assessment

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29
Q

Management of DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA

A

• surgical emergency repair: LAPAROSCOPY
• semi fowlers position
• NPO
• NGT/gastrostomy insertion

30
Q

protrusion.of a portion of the intestine through the umbilical ring, muscle and fascia surrounding umbilical cord

A

UMBILICAL HERNIA

31
Q

creates bulging protrusion under the skin at the umbilicus

rarely noticeable at birth while cord is still present but becomes increasingly noticeable at health care visits during first yr

A

UMBILICAL HERNIA

32
Q

an excess CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) in the ventricles or the subarachnoid space

A

HYDROCEPHALUS

33
Q

can result from fluid production by choroid plexus, the passage of fluid is blocked, or there is something that interferes CSF absorption

A

Excess CSF

34
Q

to identify abnormalities in the body
HYDROCEPHALUS

A

Transillumination Test

35
Q

Management of HYDROCEPHALUS

A

• ACETAZOLAMIDE (diuretic)
• tumor removal
• laser surgery
• VP shunt

36
Q

build up of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain

A

HYDROCEPHALUS

37
Q

latin word which means “divided spine”

A

SPINA BIFIDA

38
Q
  • happens when the fusion of posterior laminae of vertebrae fails
  • poor perfusion is noticeable when dimpling, abnormal tufts of hair or any discoloration of skin
A

SPINA BIFIDA

39
Q

benign disorder that does not need immediate intervention

A

SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA

40
Q

when meninges herniate through unformed vertebrae

A

MENINGOCELE

41
Q

protruding mass appears and usually have the same size of an orange at the center back

A

MENINGOCELE

42
Q

layer of skin or just clear dura mater covers the protrusion

A

MENINGOCELE

43
Q

the spinal cord and meninges protruding the vertebrae same with meningocele

A

MYELOMENINGOCELE

44
Q
  • child can feel flaccidity, inadequate sensation of LE, uncontrolled bladder and bowel
  • absent of motor and sensory function at the end of spinal cords -> lower motor neuron damage
A

MYELOMENINGOCELE

45
Q

this can differentiate the diagnosis of meningocele to myelomeningocele

A

CT scan
Ultrasound
MRI

46
Q

a cranial meningocele or myelomeningocele

A

ENCEPHALOCELE

47
Q
  • disorder occurs most often in the occipital area of skull but may occur as a nasal or nasopharyngeal disorder
  • covered fully by skin, but they may be open or covered only by the dura
A

ENCEPHALOCELE

48
Q

Management of ENCEPHALOCELE

A

• Prenatal ultrasound, fetoscopy
• Fetoscopic sugery
• CS birth
• lower extremities observation
• immediate surgery
• voiding and nature of micturition and defecating assessment

49
Q
  • absence of cerebral hemispheres
  • mother may experience difficult labor, most of this condition present at breech
A

ANENCEPHALY

50
Q

slow growth of brain that falls more than 3x below normal on growth charts

A

MICROCEPHALY

51
Q

can be caused by infection, severe malnutrition, or anoxia in early infancy

A

MICROCEPHALY

52
Q
  • hip underdevelopment or imperfect hip can affect the head, acetabulum or both
  • occurs 7x more in females than males
A

DEVELOPMENTAL HIP DYSPLASIA

53
Q

mildest form; femoral head remains in acetabulum

A

ACETABULAR DYSPLASIA

54
Q

most common form; femoral head partially displaced

A

SUBLUXATION

55
Q

femoral head not in contact with acetabulum; displaced posteriorly and superiorly

A

DISLOCATION

56
Q

hip started dislocated
- test will reduce the hip

A

ORTOLANI TEST

57
Q

hip started reduced
- test will dislocate the hip

A

BARLOW TEST

58
Q

unequal height suggest developmental dysplasia of the hip or short femur

A

GALEAZZI TEST

59
Q

spica cast from the waist below the knees; brace
for DEVELOPMENTAL HIP DYSPLASIA pt

A

PAVLIK HARNESS

60
Q

can result from ingestion of maternal drug, viral invasion, and amniotic band formation

A

ABSENT OR MALFORMED EXTREMITIES

61
Q

prostheses of lower extremity are fitted as early as 6 months while upper extremities are fitted this early so infant can handle and explore objects readily

A

ABSENT OR MALFORMED EXTREMITIES

62
Q

early introduction of this prevents child from adjusting to missing extremity

A

PROSTHESIS

63
Q

a presence of one or additional fingers or toes
usually amputated off early

A

POLYDACTYLY

64
Q

when two fingers or toes are fuse

A

SYNDACTYLY

65
Q
  • indention of lower portion of sternum
  • there can be decreased lung volume, heart is displaced to the left
A

PECTUS EXCAVATUM

66
Q

when the sternum is displaced anteriorly, increasing AP diameter of the chest

A

PECTUS CARINATUM

67
Q

wry neck
term derived from tortus (twisted) and collum (neck)
congenital anomaly when the sternocleidomastoid muscle is injured and bleeds during birth

A

TORTICOLLIS

68
Q
  • suture of the skull is closing prematurely and may occur in utero or early infancy
  • this conditions needs to be detected early because sealed skull will compromise brain growth
A

CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS

69
Q

can be cause by inherited trait, rickets,, irregularities of calcium, or phosphate of metabolism

A

CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS

70
Q
  • failure of bone growth inherited as a dominant trait
  • causes disorder in cartilage production in utero
  • the epiphyseal plate of long bones cannot produce adequate cartilage for longitudinal bone growth, which results in both arms and legs becoming stunted
A

ACHONDROPLASIA

71
Q

from latin word talus (ankle) and pes (foot)
- ankle foot disorder, clubfoot

A

TALIPES

LEC - NCM 109 (3 decks)

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