Chapter 27

Question 1

What are the most abundant organism on earth?

Answer 1

Prokaryotes

Question 2

Prokaryotes are divided into two domains

Answer 2

Bacteria & Archaea

Question 3

What are the three most common shapes of prokaryotes?

Answer 3

Spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), and spirals

Question 5

A network of sugar polymers cross linked by polypeptides which make up bacterial cell wall

Answer 5

Peptidoglycan

Question 6

blank cell walls are made of cellulose and chitin

Answer 6

Eukaryote

Question 7

blank cell walls contain polysaccharides and proteins but lack peptidoglycan

Answer 7

Archaea

Question 8

Blank is a method used by scientists to classify bacteria by cell wall composition

Answer 8

Gram stain

Question 9

Gram-blank bacteria have simpler wall with a large amount of peptidoglycan

Answer 9

Positive

Question 10

Gram-blank bacteria have less peptidoglycan and
an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides

Answer 10

Negative

Question 11

Blank is a sticky outer layer of polysaccharide or protein which allows adherence to
the substrate, or other individuals,
shielding pathogenic bacteria
from the host immune system

Answer 11

Capsule

Question 12

Some prokaryotes have hairlike
appendages called blank
that allow them to stick to their
substrate or other individuals in
a colony

Answer 12

Fimbriae

Question 13

are longer than
fimbriae and allow prokaryotes
to exchange DNA

Answer 13

Pili

Question 14

The ability to move toward or away from a stimulus

Answer 14

Taxis

Question 15

In prokaryotes, the chromosomes are located in the

Answer 15

Nucleoid region

Question 16

Many prokaryotes form
metabolically inactive
blank, which can
remain viable in harsh
conditions for centuries

Answer 16

Endospores

Question 17

The process where a prokaryotic cell can take up
and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding
environment

Answer 17

Transformation

Question 18

is the movement of genes between
bacteria by phages

Answer 18

Transduction

Question 19

The process where genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells

Answer 19

Conjunction

Question 20

Requires O2 for cellular respiration

Answer 20

Obligate aerobes

Question 21

Are poisoned by O2 and live by fermentation

Answer 21

Obligate anaerobes

Question 22

Can use O2 if it is present or carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration if it is not

Answer 22

Facultative anaerobes

Question 23

Gram negative bacteria that include photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs

Answer 23

Proteobacteria

Question 24

Chlamydia trachomatis, parasites that live within animal cells

Answer 24

Chlamydias

Question 25

Ex: Treponema (causes syphilis), and Borrelia burgdorferi (which causes lime disease). Helical gram negative heterotrophs

Answer 25

Spirochetes

Question 26

Gram negative photoautotrophs that generate O2. Chloroplasts evolved from this by endosymbiosis. Abundant component of freshwater and marine phytoplankton

Answer 26

Cyanobacteria

Question 27

Colony-forming groups, such as actinomycetes, many of which help decompose organic matter. Ex: Bacillus anthracite (cause of anthrax)

Answer 27

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Question 28

Archaea which live in highly saline environments

Answer 28

Extreme Halophiles

Question 29

Live in swamps and marshes and produce methane as a waste product

Answer 29

Methanogens