Chapter 27 Flashcards
Reproductive System
Fusion of the sperm and egg produces the first cell of a new individual and all body cells arise from it, this is called a
Zygote
Define: gamates
Specialized cells for reproduction (sperm - males / ova - females)
Unique kind of nuclear division that occurs only in gonads
Meiosis
What is the difference between haploid and diploid?
Diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes, [23] from each parent (2n)
Haploid: is the number of chromosomes in a gamete [23] - (n)
Describe the path of travel of sperm after production in the seminiferous tubules
From seminiferous tubules to epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and lastly urethra
Inhibin is released from ____ and exerts negative feedback on ____ release from ____ pituitary
gonads; FSH; anterior
List the source and effect for:
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH) / Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
GnRH: source - hypothalamus to anterior pituitary; effect - stimulates release of LH & FSH
LH/FSH: source - anterior pituitary to gonads; effect - stimulate gamete production and sex hormone secretion
List the source and effect for:
- Testosterone
- Estrogen/Progesterone
- Testosterone: source - gonads to target cells ; effect - spermatogenesis and stimulates sex organ maturation
2/3. Estrogen/Progesterone: source - gonads to target cells ; effect - Vital in development and function of reproductive organs and other organs/tissues, sexual behavior/drive
Androgen-binding protein (ABP) keeps local ____ levels high to stimulate ____
testosterone; spermatogenesis
Compare the roles of the male accessory glands
Seminal glands: sperm and seminal fluid combination
Prostate: secretions that activate the sperm
Bulbo-urethral glands: lube during erection & neutralizes the acidity of urine
What are the characteristics and causes of Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
Characterized by benign growth of both the stroma and prostate gland. As a result, the prostatic urethra is constricted. This makes urination difficult and can lead to incomplete bladder emptying.
Explain the functions of the chemical components of semen
Prostaglandins: decreases cervical mucus to allow for entry
Relaxin (and enzymes): enhance motility
ATP: energy
antibiotics: destroy bacteria
Clotting factors: temporary coagulation allow semen to stick to vaginal wall, liquifies with fibrinolysin
suppresses immune response in females
Outline the events of spermatogenesis
- Spermatogonia (stem cells) divide via mitosis
- Type A cells continue to divide and Type B cells become primary spermatocytes which divide via meiosis I producing 2 secondary spermatocytes.
- The 2 secondary spermatocytes divide via meiosis II creating 4 spermatids. Spermatids gain motility during spermiogenesis, resulting in fully developed sperm.
Explain the role of sustentocytes and interstitial cells
Sustentocytes: supports spermatogenic cells and forms blood testis barrier, preventing sperm antigens from activating the immune system
Interstitial cells: produce the androgens: testosterone & estrogen
Describe the structure and function of the ovaries
Structure: pair of almond shaped organs but twice as large in size; held in place by ligaments
Function: egg production and ovulation site
Describe the structure and function of the female reproduction duct system
Uterine tubes
- structure: infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus
- function: site of fertilization
Uterus
- structure: retroverted organ (body, fundus, cervix, and uterine wall)
- function: site for zygote development
Vagina
- structure: adventitia, muscularis, and mucosa with rugae
- function: sexual intercourse, birthing canal
Tiny saclike structures embedded in ovarian cortex containing an immature egg, which ejects once a month
follicle
What are the characteristics and causes of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?
Inflammation caused by infection of the peritoneal cavity is caused by STDs, can result in scarring of the narrow uterine tubes, infertility, and death
Common causes of cervical cancer:
- HPV causing genital warts
- multiple pregnancies
- frequent cervical inflammation
What reproductive structures are homologous in males and females?
Male testes and female ovaries, male penis and female clitoris
Follicle apoptosis of oocyte and surrounding cells
Atresia
Fertilization between the egg and sperm occurs in the:
ampulla of the uterine tubes
Describe the events of oogenesis
- Oogonia (stem cells) divide via mitosis
- Type A cells continue to divide and Type B cells become primary oocytes which divide via meiosis I into secondary oocytes.
- The secondary oocytes divide via meiosis II creating fully developed ova.
The most common cancer in women is ____ cancer, which is caused by:
breast; metastasized epithelial cells
Correlate the events of the uterine cycle to hormone levels
- GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion
- As follicles mature, FSH stimulates granulosa cells to secrete estrogen
- Estrogen levels increase, triggering inhibition of LH from the negative feedback loop and FSH from the negative feedback loop inhibin to inhibit FSH.
- Positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin release (LH) due to high estrogen levels after release of the dominant follicle
- LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum
- Progesterone and estrogen secreted by the corpus luteum increases, triggering negative feedback and delaying new follicle development until corpus luteum degenerates
Describe the stages of follicle development
Primordial follicle: single layer of squamous pre-granulosa cells surrounding a primary oocyte.
Primary follicle: single layer of cuboidal pre-granulosa cells surrounding a primary oocyte.
Secondary follicle: multiple layers of granulosa cells surrounding a primary oocyte.
Vesicular follicle: have a fluid-filled cavity called an antrum (“cave”)
Luteal phase: follicle ruptures, granulosa cells largen forming, Corpus luteum which secretes progesterone and some estrogen
Compare the phases of male and female sexual responses
Sexual responses are similar but females do not ejaculate during orgasm and orgasm is not required by females for conception
Cryptorchidism is a common risk factor for ____ cancer, which is:
testicular; nondescent of the testes
Klinefelter’s syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality common in ____ that increases risk of _____ and ____ ____
males; sterility and intellectual disability
Turner’s syndrome is a chromosomal condition where the ____ never develop. Side effects include short stature, ____ ____, and ____ ____
ovaries; heart defects and intellectual disabilities
A helmetlike tip that adheres to the top of the nucleus of the sperm
acrosome
