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Bio 139 > Chapter 26 The urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 26 The urinary System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The urinary system contributes to homeostasis by

A

excreting wastes; altering blood composition, pH, volume, and pressure; maintaining blood osmolarity; and producing hormones. /.

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2
Q

As body cells carry out metabolic activities,

A

they consume oxygen and nutrients and produce waste products such as carbon dioxide, urea, and uric acid.

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3
Q

Wastes must be eliminated from the body because

A

they can be toxic to cells if they accumulate.

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4
Q

While the respiratory system rids the body of carbon dioxide, the urinary system

A

disposes of most other wastes.

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5
Q

The urinary system performs waste disposal by

A

removing wastes from the blood and excreting them into urine

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6
Q

The urinary system also

A

helps regulate blood composition, pH, volume, and pressure; maintains blood osmolarity; and produces hormones.

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7
Q

The urinary system consists of

A

two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra

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8
Q

The kidneys

A

filter blood of wastes and excrete them into a fluid called urine

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9
Q

Once formed, urine

A

passes through the ureters and is stored in the urinary bladder until it is excreted from the body through the urethra.

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10
Q

Nephrology (nef-ROL-ō-jē; nephr- = kidney; -ology = study of) is

A

the scientific study of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidneys.

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11
Q

urology

A

The branch of medicine that deals with the male and female urinary systems and the male reproductive system

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12
Q

Urine formed by the kidneys

A

passes first into the ureters, then to the urinary bladder for storage, and finally through the urethra for elimination from the body

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13
Q

What is the function of the Kidneys

A

regulate blood volume and composition; help regulate blood pressure, pH, and glucose levels; produce two hormones (calcitriol and erythropoietin); and excrete wastes in urine.

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14
Q

What is the function of the ureters

A

transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder.

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15
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder

A

stores urine and expels it into urethra.

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16
Q

What is the function of the urethra

A

discharges urine from body.

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17
Q

What are ALL of the functions of the kidneys

A

Excretion of wastes
Regulation of blood ionic composition
Regulation of blood pH
Regulation of blood volume
Regulation of blood pressure
maintainance of blood osmolarity
Production of hormones
Regulation of blood glucose level

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18
Q

Some wastes excreted in urine result from metabolic reactions. These include

A

urea and ammonia from the deamination of amino acids; creatinine from the breakdown of creatine phosphate; uric acid from the catabolism of nucleic acids; and urobilin from the breakdown of hemoglobin.

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19
Q

Urea, ammonia, creatinine, uric acid, and urobilin are collectively known as

A

nitrogenous wastes because they are waste products that contain nitrogen.

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20
Q

non-nitrogenous wastes excreted in the urine are

A

foreign substances that have entered the body, such as drugs and environmental toxins

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21
Q

The kidneys help regulate the blood levels of several ions, most importantly

A

sodium ions (Na+), potassium ions (K+), calcium ions (Ca2+), chloride ions (Cl−), and phosphate ions (HPO42−).

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22
Q

The kidneys regulate blood ionic composition by

A

adjusting the amounts of these ions that are excreted into the urine.

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23
Q

The kidneys excrete

A

a variable amount of hydrogen ions (H+) into the urine

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24
Q

The kidneys

A

conserve bicarbonate ions (HCO3−), which are an important buffer of H+ in the blood

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25
Q

The kidneys excrete a variable amount of hydrogen ions (H+) into the urine and conserve bicarbonate ions (HCO3−), which are an important buffer of H+ in the blood. Both of these activities help

A

regulate blood pH.

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26
Q

The kidneys adjust blood volume by

A

conserving or eliminating water in the urine.

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27
Q

An increase in blood volume

A

increases blood pressure;

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28
Q

a decrease in blood volume

A

decreases blood pressure.

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29
Q

The kidneys also help regulate blood pressure by

A

secreting the enzyme renin, which activates the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone pathway

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30
Q

Increased renin causes

A

an increase in blood pressure.

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31
Q

By separately regulating loss of water and loss of solutes in the urine, the kidneys

A

maintain a relatively constant blood osmolarity close to 300 milliosmoles per liter

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32
Q

The kidneys produce two hormones. _________________ and ______________

A

Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, helps regulate calcium homeostasis and erythropoietin which stimulates the production of red blood cells

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33
Q

Like the liver, the kidneys can use the amino acid glutamine in

A

gluconeogenesis, the synthesis of new glucose molecules

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34
Q

After the kidneys create glucose molecules

A

They can then release glucose into the blood to help maintain a normal blood glucose level.

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35
Q

urine contains more than just waste products. It also contains

A

water and other substances, such as ions, that have important roles in the body, but are in excess of the body’s needs.

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36
Q

The paired kidneys are

A

reddish, kidney bean–shaped organs located just above the waist between the peritoneum and the posterior wall of the abdomen.

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37
Q

Since their position is posterior to the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity, the Kidneys

A

are said to be retroperitoneal

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38
Q

The kidneys are located

A

between the levels of the last thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae, a position where they are partially protected by ribs 11 and 12.

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39
Q

If ribs 11 or 12 are fractured

A

they can puncture the kidneys and cause significant, even life-threatening damage.

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40
Q

The right kidney is slightly lower than the left because

A

the liver occupies considerable space on the right side superior to the kidney

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41
Q

The concave medial border of each kidney

A

faces the vertebral column

42
Q

Near the center of the concave border is an indentation called the

A

hilum of the kidney (HĪ-lum), through which the ureter emerges from the kidney along with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

43
Q

What are the three layers of tissue that surround each kidney

A

Fibrous capsule (deep)
perirenal fat capsule (intermediate)
renal fascia (superficial)

44
Q

The deep layer, the fibrous capsule, is

A

a smooth, transparent sheet of collagen-rich connective tissue that is continuous with the outer coat of the ureter.

45
Q

The fibrous capsule

A

serves as a barrier against trauma and helps maintain the shape of the kidney.

46
Q

The middle layer, the perirenal fat capsule (per-i-RĒ-nal), is

A

a mass of fatty tissue surrounding the fibrous capsule. It also protects the kidney from trauma and holds it firmly in place within the abdominal cavity.

47
Q

The superficial layer, the renal fascia (FASH-ē-a), is

A

a collagenous and elastic dense irregular connective tissue that anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures and to the abdominal wall.

48
Q

On the anterior surface of the kidneys, the renal fascia is

A

deep to the peritoneum.

49
Q

A coronal section through the kidney reveals two distinct regions:

A

a superficial, light red region called the renal cortex (cortex = rind or bark) and a deep, darker reddish-brown inner region called the renal medulla (medulla = inner portion)

50
Q

The renal medulla consists of

A

several cone-shaped renal pyramids.

51
Q

The base (wider end) of each pyramid

A

faces the renal cortex

52
Q

the apex of a renal pyramid (narrow end),

A

points toward the renal hilum of the kidney and is called a renal papilla,

53
Q

The renal cortex is

A

the smooth-textured area extending from the fibrous capsule to the bases of the renal pyramids and into the spaces between them.

54
Q

The renal cortex is divided into

A

an outer cortical zone and an inner juxtamedullary zone

55
Q

Those portions of the renal cortex that extend between renal pyramids are called

A

renal columns.

56
Q

the kidneys are surrounded by

A

a fibrous capsule, perirenal fat capsule, and renal fascia.

57
Q

Together, the renal cortex and renal pyramids of the renal medulla constitute the

A

parenchyma (pa-RENG-kī-ma) or functional portion of the kidney.

58
Q

Within the parenchyma are

A

the functional units of the kidney—about 1 million microscopic structures in each kidney called nephrons.

59
Q

Filtrate (filtered fluid) formed by the nephrons

A

drains into large papillary ducts (PAP-i-lar′-ē), which extend through the renal papillae of the pyramids.

60
Q

The papillary ducts drain into

A

cuplike structures called minor and major calyces (KĀ-li-sēz = cups; singular is calyx, pronounced KĀ-liks).

61
Q

Each kidney has

A

8 to 18 minor calyces and 2 or 3 major calyces

62
Q

A minor calyx

A

receives filtrate from the papillary ducts of one renal papilla and delivers it to a major calyx.

63
Q

Once the filtrate enters the calyces

A

it becomes urine because no further reabsorption can occur. The reason for this is that the simple epithelium of the nephron and ducts becomes urothelium in the calyces. The urothelium blocks exchanges across the walls of these tubes.

64
Q

From the major calyces, urine drains into

A

a single large cavity called the renal pelvis (pelv- = basin) and then out through the ureter to the urinary bladder.

65
Q

The two main regions of the kidney are

A

the superficial, light red region called the renal cortex and the deep, dark red region called the renal medulla.

66
Q

The hilum of the kidney

A

expands into a cavity within the kidney called the renal sinus, which contains part of the renal pelvis, the calyces, and branches of the renal blood vessels and nerves

67
Q

Adipose tissue

A

helps stabilize the position of these structures in the renal sinus.

68
Q

since the kidneys remove wastes from the blood and regulate its volume and ionic composition, it is not surprising that

A

they are abundantly supplied with blood vessels

69
Q

Although the kidneys constitute less than 0.5% of total body mass,

A

they receive 20–25% of the resting cardiac output via the right and left renal arteries

70
Q

In adults, renal blood flow, the blood flow through both kidneys,

A

is about 1200 mL per minute.

71
Q

Within the kidney, the renal artery

A

divides into several segmental arteries (seg-MEN-tal), which supply different segments (areas) of the kidney

72
Q

Each segmental artery

A

gives off several branches that enter the parenchyma and pass through the renal columns between the renal lobes as the interlobar arteries

73
Q

A kidney lobe consists of

A

a renal pyramid, some of the renal column on either side of the renal pyramid, and the renal cortex at the base of the renal pyramid

74
Q

At the bases of the renal pyramids,

A

the interlobar arteries arch between the renal medulla and cortex; here they are known as the arcuate arteries

75
Q

Divisions of the arcuate arteries produce

A

a series of cortical radiate (interlobular) arteries (KOR-ti-kal RĀ-dē-at).

76
Q

cortical radiate arteries

A

radiate outward and enter the renal cortex. Here, they give off branches called afferent glomerular arterioles

77
Q

The renal arteries

A

deliver 20–25% of the resting cardiac output to the kidneys.

78
Q

Each nephron receives one

A

afferent glomerular arteriole, which divides into a tangled, ball-shaped capillary network called the glomerulus

79
Q

Each nephron receives one afferent glomerular arteriole, which divides into a tangled, ball-shaped capillary network called the glomerulus (glō-MER-ū-lus = little ball; plural is glomeruli). The glomerular capillaries then

A

reunite to form an efferent glomerular arteriole (EF-er-ent; ef- = out) that carries blood out of the glomerulus.

80
Q

Glomerular capillaries are unique among capillaries in the body because

A

they are positioned between two arterioles, rather than between an arteriole and a venule.

81
Q

Glomerular capillaries are unique among capillaries in the body because they are positioned between two arterioles, rather than between an arteriole and a venule. Since they are capillary networks and they also play an important role in urine formation,

A

the glomeruli are considered part of both the cardiovascular and the urinary systems.

82
Q

The efferent glomerular arterioles divide to form

A

the peritubular capillaries (per-i-TOOB-ū-lar; peri- = around), which surround tubular parts of the nephron in the renal cortex

83
Q

Extending from some efferent glomerular arterioles are

A

long, loop-shaped capillaries called vasa recta (VĀ-sa REK-ta; vasa = vessels; recta = straight) that supply tubular portions of the nephron in the renal medulla

84
Q

The peritubular capillaries eventually reunite to form

A

cortical radiate (interlobular) veins, which also receive blood from the vasa recta.

85
Q

The peritubular capillaries eventually reunite to form cortical radiate (interlobular) veins, which also receive blood from the vasa recta. Then the blood

A

drains through the arcuate veins to the interlobar veins running between the renal pyramids.

86
Q

Blood leaves the kidney through

A

a single renal vein that exits at the renal hilum and carries venous blood to the inferior vena cava.

87
Q

Many renal nerves originate

A

in the renal ganglion

88
Q

Many renal nerves pass through the

A

renal plexus into the kidneys along with the renal arteries.

89
Q

Renal nerves are part of the

A

sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system.

90
Q

Most renal nerves

A

are vasomotor nerves that regulate the flow of blood through the kidney by causing vasodilation or vasoconstriction of renal arterioles.

91
Q

Nephrons (NEF-rons) are

A

the functional units of the kidneys

92
Q

Each nephron consists of two parts:

A

a renal corpuscle (KOR-pus-el = tiny body), where blood plasma is filtered, and a renal tubule into which the filtered fluid (glomerular filtrate) passes and is further regulated

93
Q

The two components of a renal corpuscle are.

A

the glomerulus (capillary network) and the glomerular capsule or Bowman’s capsule, a double-walled epithelial cup that surrounds the glomerular capillaries

94
Q

Blood plasma is filtered in the glomerular capsule, and then

A

the filtered fluid passes into the renal tubule, which has three main sections

95
Q

In the order that fluid passes through them, the renal tubule consists of

A

a (1) proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) (kon′-vō-LOOT-ed), (2) nephron loop (loop of Henle), and (3) distal convoluted tubule (DCT).

96
Q

Proximal denotes

A

the part of the tubule attached to the glomerular capsule,

97
Q

distal denotes the part that is

A

further away from the glomerular capsule

98
Q

Convoluted means the tubule is .

A

tightly coiled rather than straight

99
Q

The renal corpuscle and both convoluted tubules

A

lie within the renal cortex

100
Q

the nephron loop

A

extends into the renal medulla, makes a hairpin turn, and then returns to the renal cortex.

Bio 139 (4 decks)

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