Chapter 26 Fluid, Electrolytes and Acid-base Balance Flashcards
The body’s water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions? A) calcium ions B) potassium ions C) hydrogen ions D) sodium ions
D) sodium ions
The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________.
A) the feeling one might have after a long swim
B) the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor
C) a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water
D) a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment
C) a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water
Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) tissue edema B) extreme weight loss C) extreme weight gain D) nerve damage
A) tissue edema
Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid? A) antidiuretic hormone B) erythropoietin C) aldosterone D) renin
C) aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________.
A) enhance atrial contractions
B) activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism
C) prevent pH changes caused by organic acids
D) reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention
D) reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention
Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.
A) a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids
B) a person’s breathing is shallow due to obstruction
C) a runner has completed a very long marathon
D) the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions
B) a person’s breathing is shallow due to obstruction
Which of the following two organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems? A) the lungs and the kidneys B) the adrenal glands and the testes C) the thyroid gland and the heart D) the stomach and the liver
A) the lungs and the kidneys
Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts in the body? A) neuromuscular activity B) membrane permeability C) secretory activity D) anabolism of proteins
D) anabolism of proteins
Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body? A) ADH B) aldosterone C) water levels D) glucocorticoids
B) aldosterone
The fluid link between the external and internal environment is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) plasma B) intracellular fluid C) interstitial fluid D) cerebrospinal fluid
A) plasma
Newborn infants have a relatively higher \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ content in their ECF than do adults. A) iron B) sodium C) magnesium D) bicarbonate
B) sodium
Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is found in the intracellular fluid. A) iron B) chloride C) potassium D) magnesium
C) potassium
Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?
A) K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids
B) Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids
C) equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids
D) little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids
A) K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids
Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are particularly common in infants because of their \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) inefficient kidneys B) comparatively low metabolic rates C) low rate of insensible water loss D) low daily rate of fluid exchange
A) inefficient kidneys
The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________.
A) the potassium ion content in the renal tubule cells
B) the pH of the ICF
C) intracellular sodium levels
D) potassium ion concentration in blood plasma
D) potassium ion concentration in blood plasma
The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ buffer system. A) phosphate B) hemoglobin C) bicarbonate D) protein
C) bicarbonate
A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) respiratory acidosis B) respiratory alkalosis C) metabolic acidosis D) metabolic alkalosis
A) respiratory acidosis
The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________.
A) requires active transport
B) is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces
C) requires ATP for the transport to take place
D) involves filtration
B) is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces
What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention? A) ADH B) aldosterone C) atrial natriuretic peptide D) thyroxine
C) atrial natriuretic peptide
Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? A) chemical buffer systems B) diet C) respiratory changes D) renal mechanism
B) diet
Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system? A) bicarbonate B) phosphate C) nucleic acid D) protein
C) nucleic acid
Extracellular fluid in the human body is composed of all of the following except \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) lymph and interstitial fluid B) blood plasma C) cerebrospinal fluid D) glucose
D) glucose
Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?
A) Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts.
B) Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body.
C) Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
D) There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts
C) Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys? A) aldosterone B) thymosin C) antidiuretic hormone D) atrial natriuretic peptide
C) antidiuretic hormone
