Chapter 26: Africa, India, and the New British Empire, 1750-1870

Question 1

railroads

Answer 1

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. First railroads were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused a railroad building boom lasting into the 20th Century

Question 2

submarine telegraph cables

Answer 2

Insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication. The first short cable was laid across the English Channel in 1851;; the first successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866.

Question 3

steel

Answer 3

an alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon

Question 4

electricity

Answer 4

energy made available by the flow of electric charge through a conductor

Question 5

Thomas Edison

Answer 5

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Question 6

victorian age

Answer 6

a period in British history during the reign of Queen Victoria in the 19th century

Question 7

separate spheres

Answer 7

Middle-class ideal where home life was strictly separated from the workplace and women roles were separate from mens, with women running the household and men earning money outside it.

Question 8

socialism

Answer 8

a political theory advocating state ownership of industry

Question 9

labor unions

Answer 9

Organizations of workers who, together, put pressure on the employers in an industry to improve working conditions and wages.

Question 10

Karl Marx

Answer 10

founder of modern communism

Question 11

anarchist

Answer 11

A revolutionary who wanted to abolish all private property and governments, usually by violence, and replace them with free associations of groups.

Question 12

nationalism

Answer 12

A political ideology that stresses people’s membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe. In the late nineteenth century it hastened the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires. In the twentieth century it provided the ideological foundation for scores of independent countries emerging from colonialism.

Question 13

liberalism

Answer 13

an economic theory advocating free competition and a self-regulating market and the gold standard

Question 14

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Answer 14

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882)

Question 15

Otto Von Bismarck

Answer 15

German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898)

Question 16

meiji restoration

Answer 16

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

Question 17

Yamagata Aritomo

Answer 17

One of the leaders of the Meiji Restoration.

Question 18

Empress Dowager Cixi

Answer 18

Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti foreign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.