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[OS 206] Guyton & Hall > Chapter 25 - The Body Fluid Compartments > Flashcards

Chapter 25 - The Body Fluid Compartments Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major sources of body water?

A
  1. Ingested liquid (2.1 L/day)

2. Oxidation of carbohydrates (0.2 L/day)

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2
Q

Intake of water depends on the following variables:

A
  1. Climate
  2. Habit
  3. Level of Physical Activity
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3
Q

What is insensible water loss?

A

Water loss that occurs outside of conscious awareness (i.e. 0.7 L/day through respiratory tract and skin). It occurs even in people born without sweat glands.

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4
Q

What is the average rate of water diffusion through the skin?

A

0.3 - 0.4 L/day

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5
Q

What prevents excessive evaporation through the skin?

A

Cholesterol-filled cornified layer of the skin.

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6
Q

How much water is lost through the respiratory tract?

A

0.3 to 0.4 L/day

This may be even greater in colder climates.

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7
Q

What is the amount of water loss from sweat dependent on?

A
  1. Physical Activity

2. Environmental Temperature

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8
Q

How much water is normally lost through sweat?

A

0.1 L/day

1 - 2 L/hour (heavy exercise)

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9
Q

How much water is lost through the feces?

A

0.1 L/day

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10
Q

What is the most important means by which the body maintains a balance between water intake/output?

A

Controlling kidney excretion of specific substances

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11
Q

What are the two major compartments that hold the body fluid?

A
  1. Extracellular

2. Intracellular

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12
Q

What are the two divisions of the extracellular fluid?

A
  1. Interstitial Fluid

2. Blood Plasma

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13
Q

What is transcelllular fluid?

A

It includes fluid from the synovial, peritoneal, pericardial, spinal cord and intraocular spaces. It constitutes about 1 - 2 L of the body fluid.

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14
Q

In an average 70 kg adult man, what is the body fluid distribution in his body?

A

Total Body Water: 60% of BW
ICF: 40% of BW
ECF: 20% of BW
Plasma: 5% of BW

Remember 60:40:20:5!

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15
Q

What factors affect the total body water of an individual?

A
  1. Age
  2. Gender
  3. Obesity
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16
Q

What % BW is water in women and premature and newborn babies?

A

Women: 50% BW

Premature/Newborn Babies: 70 - 75% BW

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17
Q

The pores of the capillary wall are highly permeable to almost all solutes in the ECF except?

A

Proteins

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18
Q

Why is blood considered a separate fluid compartments?

A

Because it is contained within the circulatory system

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19
Q

What is the average blood volume of adults?

A

7% of BW (~5 L)
60% Plasma
40% RBC

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20
Q

Differentiate: True hematocrit vs. measured hematocrit

A

True hematocrit is only 96% of measured hematocrit due to residual plasma

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21
Q

What are the average hematocrit values in men and women?

A

Men: 0.40
Women: 0.36

Severe Anemia: 0.10
Polycythemia: 0.65

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22
Q

Describe the ionic composition of plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

They are similar due to the highly permeable capillary membrane.

However, there are more proteins in plasma because they are not filtered out.

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23
Q

Define: Donnan effect

A

It is responsible for the greater concentration of cations in the plasma, as they are attracted to the negatively charged proteins.

Negatively charged ions are thus repelled into the interstitial fluid.

24
Q

Describe the composition of the ECF

A

High: Na, Cl and HCO3
Low: K, Ca, Mg, PO3 and organic acid ions

25
Q

Describe the composition of the ICF

A

High: Protein (4x plasma), K and PO3
Medium: Mg and SO4
Low: Na, Cl and Ca

26
Q

What is the indicator-dilution method of measuring a fluid compartment?

A

It utilises an indicator substances and checks how much it’s diluted to measure the fluid volume.

27
Q

What are the assumptions of the indicator-dilution method?

A
  1. Indicator disperses evenly
  2. Indicator disperses in a closed compartment
  3. Indicator is not metabolized/excreted
28
Q

What substances are used to measure total body water?

A
  1. Radiocative Water (Tritium)
  2. Heavy water (Deuterium)
  3. Antipyrine
29
Q

What substances are used to measure the ECF?

A
  1. Radioactive Na
  2. Radioactive Cl
  3. Radioactive Iothalamate
  4. Thiosulfate Ion
  5. Inulin
30
Q

What substances are used to measure the plasma volume?

A
  1. I-albumin

2. Evans blue dye

31
Q

T/F: Intracellular volume can be measured directly?

A

False. It is measured indirectly by subtracting ECF volume from TBW.

32
Q

T/F: Like ICF volume, interstitial fluid volume is also measured indirectly.

A

True. Subtract the plasma volume from the ECF volume to obtain it.

33
Q

What is the formula for measuring blood volume?

A

Plasma volume/(1 - hematocrit)

34
Q

What substance is commonly used to label red blood cells?

A

Radiocative Chromium (51Cr)

35
Q

Relative amounts of fluid between plasma and interstitial spaces is determined by?

A

Balance of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces across the capillary membranes

36
Q

T/F: The ICF and ECF are isotonic

A

True. This is because water moves rapidly across the cell membrane.

37
Q

What is the rate of diffusion of water?

A

Rate of osmosis

38
Q

Define: 1 osm

A

It is equal to 1 mole (6.02 x 10^23) solute particles. Osmolarity accounts for the dissociation of ionic compounds (1 mol NaCl = 2 osm/L)

39
Q

T/F: Osmolarity and osmolality are interchangeable when body fluids are being talked about.

A

True. Body fluids are so dilute that the differences are almost negligible.

40
Q

Osmotic pressure can be calculated if?

A

The cell membrane is assumed to be impermeable to the solute.

41
Q

What is the correction factor used in van’t Hoff’s law that accounts for inter ionic attraction?

A

Osmotic coefficient

42
Q

About __% of osmolarity of interstitial fluid and plasma is due to ____ and ____?

A

80; Na ions; Cl ions

43
Q

What is the approximate total osmolarity of each compartment?

A

300 mOsm/L

44
Q

Each mOsm of impermeant solute exerts how much pressure across the cell membrane?

A

19.3 mmHg

45
Q

Relatively small changes in the concentration of impermeant solutes cause ____ changes in cell volume.

A

Large

46
Q

T/F: 3% glucose solution is isotonic to the body fluid.

A

False. It’s 5% glucose solution.

47
Q

Differentiate: Tonicity vs. Osmoticity

A

Tonicity accounts for impermeable solutes only. It is concerned with changes in cell volume.

Osmoticity is a more general term that considers only the concentration of solutes and not their individual natures.

48
Q

How long does it take to achieve osmotic equilibrium after drinking water?

A

Roughly 30 minutes

49
Q

What factors can cause major volume shifts in the ICF/ECF?

A
  1. Water Intake
  2. Dehydration
  3. IV Infusion
  4. Loss of Water through GI Tract
  5. Loss of Water through Sweating
  6. Loss of Water through Kidney Excretion
50
Q

What are the two major governing principles in prescribing therapy for changes in body fluid volume?

A
  1. Water moves rapidly across cell membranes.

2. Cell membranes are almost completely impermeable to many solutes.

51
Q

T/F: Hyponatremia is more common than hypernatremia.

A

True. Hypernatremia stimulates thirst, which prevents large increases in ECF sodium concentration. However, this may afflict babies and the elderly.

52
Q

What conditions are prone to intracellular swelling/edema?

A
  1. Hyponatremia
  2. Depression of Metabolic Systems
  3. Lack of Adequate Cell Nutrition
  4. Inflammation
53
Q

What are the causes of extracellular edema?

A
  1. Abnormal Leakage of Fluid

2. Failure of Lymphatic Return

54
Q

What filaria nematode causes the clinical condition known as elephantiasis?

A

Wucheria bancrofti

55
Q

What is the most common cause of edema?

A

Heart failure

56
Q

What happens in heart failure?

A

There is an increase in capillary filtration but a decrease in salt and water excretion (due to arterial pressure fall)

[OS 206] Guyton & Hall (1 decks)

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