Chapter 25 - Nomenclature and isomerism Flashcards
Give the functional group and naming for alkenes
C=C
* -ene
Give the functional group and naming for alkynes
C≡C
* -yne
Give the functional group and naming for haloalkanes
X
* Fluoro-
* Chloro-
* Bromo-
* Iodo-
Give the functional group and naming for carboxylic acids
- COOH
- -oic acid
Give the functional group and naming for anhydrides
O=C-O-C=O
* -anhydride
Give the functional group and naming for esters
-COO-
* -oate
Give the functional group and naming for acyl chlorides
COCl
* -oyl chloride
Give the functional group and naming for amides
CON
* -amide
Give the functional group and naming for nitriles
C≡N
* -nitrile
Give the functional group and naming for aldehydes
-COH
* - al
Give the functional group and naming for ketones
C=O (middle of chain)
* -one
Give the functional group and naming for alcohols
OH
* -ol
* hydroxy-
Give the functional group and naming for amines
NH2
* -amine
* amino-
What makes a molecule chiral?
- A carbon attached to 4 different groups
- This makes it an optical isomer
Describe polarised light
- Passed through a polaroid
- All vibrations are cut out except those in one plane
Describe how optical isomers can be identified using polarised light
- Pass the polarised light through a solution of each optical isomer (must be same concentration)
- (+)-isomer will rotate light clockwise
- (-)-isomer will rotate light anti-clockwise
Define racemic mixture/racemate
- 50:50 mixture of two optical isomers
- Not optically active because the effects of the two isomers cancel out
Describe how the drug industry may deal with optical isomerism
- Seperate the isomers - May be difficult and expensive due to similar properties
- Sell as a mixture - Wasteful as half is inactive
- Design alternative synthesis that only produces required isomer
