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Physiology > Chapter 25- Body Fluids > Flashcards

Chapter 25- Body Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 ways of water intake to the body?

A

1: ingested as liquids or water in food. 2: synthesized in the ETC

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2
Q

What are the 4 ways of water loss?

A
  1. insensible through respiration, 2. sweat (varies), 3. feces, 4. kidneys (lol pee)
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3
Q

What is the total amount (L) of body water?

A

42L

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4
Q

What is the total amount (L) of intracellular fluids?

A

28L (2/3 of TBW)

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5
Q

What is the total amount (L) of extracellular fluids?

A

14L (1/3 of TBW)

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6
Q

What is the amount (L) of interstitial and plasma fluids?

A

IF= 11 L, Plasma=3L

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7
Q

What markers can you use to measure TBW?

A

H20 (using H^3 or H^2) or antipyrine

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8
Q

What markers can you use to measure ECF?

A

22Na, 125I-iothalmate, thiosulfate, INULIN

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9
Q

What is the equation to measure ICF?

A

TBW - ECF = ICF

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10
Q

Why do you need an equation to measure the ICF?

A

Because there is no markers specific for the intracellular fluids. The markers must pass through the membranes and can’t be stuck in the intracellular because then you can’t measure it. You can easily measure TBW using antipyrine (crosses all membranes) and ECF using inulin (crosses capillary membranes but not cell membranes) and just subtract the 2 to get ICF

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11
Q

What are the markers to measure plasma volume?

A

125*I-albumin, evans blue. They can’t cross the capillary membrane.

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12
Q

What is the equation to measure blood volume?

A

BV = PV/(1-hct)

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13
Q

What is the equation to measure the IF?

A

ECF - PV = IF

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14
Q

What is van Hoff’s law?

A

pi = CRT. [pi=osmotic pressure (mmHg), C=concentration (osm/L), R=ideal gas constant (62.26mmHgL/KOsm), T=absolute temp (oC +273)]

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15
Q

If you have 1 mole of glucose in 1 liter of solution, how many osmoles do you have?

A

1 osm/L

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16
Q

If you have 1 mole of NaCl in 1 liter of solution, how many osmoles do you have?

A

2 osm/L. The ions separate.

17
Q

What does it mean when a solution is isotonic?

A

the water concentration in the intracellular compartment is equal to the extracellular compartment

18
Q

What does it mean when a solution is hypertonic?

A

the solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the surrounding fluid

19
Q

What does it mean when a solution is hypotonic?

A

the solution has a lower concentration of solutes than the surrounding fluid

20
Q

What are the differences between iso-, hyper-, and hypoosmotic?

A

o Isoosmotic – solution with an osmolarity the same as the cell in it
o Hyperosmotic – a hyperosmotic solution has a higher osmolarity than normal extracellular fluid and will pull fluid out of a cell
o Hypoosmotic – a hypoosmotic solution has a lower osmolarity than normal extracellular fluid and will put fluid into a cell

21
Q

What happens to the cells when you have hypertonic saline?

A

the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid increases, so water will be pulled out of the cells, causing them to shrink.

22
Q

What happens to the cells when you have hypotonic saline?

A

the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid decreases, so water will be put into the cells

23
Q

How can isotonic saline be used to treat dehydration?

A

this will increase fluid levels without the risk of pulling fluid out of cells and dehydrating them, or pushing fluid into cells and rupturing them.

24
Q

How can hypotonic saline be used to treat dehydration?

A

conditions that cause intracellular dehydration may need this saline to push water into cells and return the body to homeostasis ex: diabetic ketoacidosis

25
Q

How can hypertonic saline be used to treat certain conditions?

A

Not so much a treatment of dehydration. Used to pull water out of cells into the extracellular fluid. Ex: cerebral edema

26
Q

Why would you treat a patient with glucose-containing solutions?

A

• Glucose containing solutions can be used to provide fluids and glucose for energy. An example of this is D5W which is isotonic and hypotonic. The solution starts off isotonic when it enters the ECF, but the glucose is quickly metabolized and the solution becomes hypotonic. This means that water will be pulled into the cells.

27
Q

What would hyponatremia do to compartment osmolarity and volume?

A

there is not enough sodium in the body fluids outside the cells. This will cause the extracellular fluid to become more hypoosmotic, and water will be pulled into the cells.

28
Q

What would hypernatremia do to compartment osmolarity and volume?

A

there is too much sodium in the body fluid outside the cells. This will cause the extracellular fluid to become more hyperosmotic, and water will be pulled out of the cells.

29
Q

What is the bulk flow equation?

A

Filtration - Kf*[(Pc + πi) - (Pi +πc)]. Basically, the stuff that pulls into the capillary (plasma hydrostatic pressure and IF osmotic π pressure) minus the pull into the interstitial fluid.

30
Q

What are the 5 things that can increase net filtration?

A
  • Increased capillary filtration coefficient (Kf)
  • Increase capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc)
  • Increase interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (πif)
  • Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure (πc)
  • Decrease interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (Pif)
31
Q

How can depression of the metabolic systems of the tissues cause edema?

A

ionic pumps become depressed and Na can’t be pumped out of the cell and the hyperosmolarity of the cell will pull in water

32
Q

How can a lack of adequate nutrition to the cells cause edema?

A

decrease in oxygen to cells will stop metabolic systems from functioning properly

33
Q

How can inflammation cause edema?

A

increase permeability of cell membranes allowing sodium and water into the cell

34
Q

How can abnormal leakage of fluid from the plasma to the interstitial spaces across the capillaries change the net filtration equation?

A

Increased capillary pressure will cause an increase in Pc. Decreased plasma proteins will cause a decrease in πc. Either will cause fluid build up in the extracellular compartment.

35
Q

How can failure of the lymphatics to return fluid from the interstitium back to the blood change the net filtration equation?

A

when lymphatic blockage occurs, plasma proteins leak out into the interstitium and increase πif and that will draw more fluid out of the capillaries.

Physiology (6 decks)

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