Chapter 25 Flashcards
In the study conducted by Mazeika Sullivan and colleagues along streams in the Lake Champlain region of Vermont, which of the following habitats was most heavily utilized by insect-eating birds?
A) shallow streams
B) larger streams that would provide more fish
C) areas containing a variety of habitat types
D) none of the above
C) areas containing a variety of habitat types
A stream flowing through or under a glacier can leave deposits of soil and rock in its path. After the retreat of the glacier, these deposits appear as a long, winding hill in the landscape, creating a unique microhabitat. What is the name applied to this structure? A) moraine B) esker C) kettlehole D) cirque E) tarn
B) esker
In areas of former Roman agriculture in northern France, which of the following is a “legacy effect” in land directly affected by prior cultivation? A) higher soil pH B) more available phosphorus C) greater plant species richness D) more weedy species E) all of the above
E) all of the above
Which of the following animals plays the role of “ecosystem engineer” by consuming most available vegetation during a period of irruption? A) humans B) beavers C) spruce budworms D) American alligators E) all of the above
C) spruce budworms
Ancient farming practices, wildfires, ecosystem engineers, and modern logging practices all share a common impact on the landscape. What is it? A) creation of small wetlands B) increase in soil pH C) increase in surface organic matter D) accumulation of salt in soils E) creation of a landscape mosaic
E) creation of a landscape mosaic
Using this system, a receiver picks up signals from orbiting satellites and processes these signals to determine latitude, longitude, and elevation of any location on earth.
A) GPS B) GIS
A) GPS
A user of the system referenced in the previous question must obtain signals from a minimum of how many satellites to accurately determine location? A) one B) two C) three D) four E) five
D) four
Using this system, a researcher can bring together diverse sets of geographic information to quantify characteristics of the landscape mosaic and to determine how organisms are affected by landscape characteristics.
A) GPS B) GIS
B) GIS
Images acquired from airplanes and satellites can be used to identify features on the earth’s surface and their locations in landscapes. Which wavelengths of reflected radiation make it easy to identify areas of vegetation, which typically stand out as bright red in the images produced? A) ultraviolet B) radio C) visible only D) visible and near-infrared E) any of the above
D) visible and near-infrared
Gabriele Cozzi and colleagues studied distributions of three butterfly species in the Swiss Alps, working with data from 36 different wetlands. For each species, they graphed the importance of the proportion of wetland habitat in the landscape as a predictor of butterfly occurrence (y-axis) versus the radius from focal wetlands in which the proportion of wetland habitat was assessed (x-axis). The “importance of the proportion of wetland habitat in the landscape as a predictor of butterfly occurrence” was indexed by r2 values. What does the r2 value measure? A) goodness-of-fit B) elevation C) species richness D) distance squared E) wetland area
A) goodness-of-fit
In the study conducted by Gabriele Cozzi and colleagues (question 26), the three butterflies studied differed greatly in their dispersal abilities. The list below provides the names of the three butterflies and, for each species, the landscape scale at which the importance of the proportion of wetland habitat in the landscape as a predictor of butterfly occurrence was greatest. Which of the three butterfly species is apparently the most capable of long-distance dispersal?
A) small pearl-bordered fritillary, Boloria selene (4,000 m)
B) lesser marbled fritillary, Brenthis eno (2,000 m)
C) Titania’s fritillary, Boloria titania (1,000 m)
A) small pearl-bordered fritillary, Boloria selene (4,000 m)
In the study conducted by Gabriele Cozzi and colleagues (question 26), the three butterflies studied differed greatly in their dispersal abilities. The list below provides the names of the three butterflies and, for each species, the landscape scale at which the importance of the proportion of wetland habitat in the landscape as a predictor of butterfly occurrence was greatest. Which of the three butterfly species is apparently the least capable of long-distance dispersal?
A) small pearl-bordered fritillary, Boloria selene (4,000 m)
B) lesser marbled fritillary, Brenthis eno (2,000 m)
C) Titania’s fritillary, Boloria titania (1,000 m)
C) Titania’s fritillary, Boloria titania (1,000 m)
In the study conducted by Gabriele Cozzi and colleagues (previous three questions), the three butterflies were found to differ in their distributions relative to altitude. The two Boloria species were more common at higher altitudes, while the single Brenthus species was more common at low altitudes. Which of these species was likely least tolerant of cold temperatures?
A) small pearl-bordered fritillary, Boloria selene
B) lesser marbled fritillary, Brenthis eno
C) Titania’s fritillary, Boloria titania
B) lesser marbled fritillary, Brenthis eno
Habitat fragmentation results in increased patch isolation, smaller patch size, and higher patch numbers, all of which have uniformly negative effects on species richness.
A) True B) False
B) False
Listed below are five consequences of habitat fragmentation. Which of these is directly responsible for an overall decrease in species richness? A) total amount of habitat decreases B) number of habitat patches increases C) amount of edge habitat increases D) average patch size decreases E) patch isolation increases
A) total amount of habitat decreases
Listed below are five consequences of habitat fragmentation. Which of these would be most important in favoring coexistence of a predator and prey, in the case of a prey that is a superior disperser relative to its predator? A) total amount of habitat decreases B) number of habitat patches increases C) amount of edge habitat increases D) average patch size decreases E) patch isolation increases
E) patch isolation increases
Listed below are five consequences of habitat fragmentation. Which of these favors the brown-headed cowbird? A) total amount of habitat decreases B) number of habitat patches increases C) amount of edge habitat increases D) average patch size decreases E) patch isolation increases
C) amount of edge habitat increases
In Figure 25.11, we see the relationships of the density of nymphs of the black-legged tick and the percentage of tick nymphs infected with Borrelia burdorferi (the bacterial agent of Lyme disease) to area of forest fragments. Both density of tick nymphs and percentage infected were highest in the smallest forest fragments. What was the principal cause of the relationships observed?
A) increased visitation of small forest patches by humans
B) increased use of small forest patches by white-tailed deer
C) increased abundance in small forest patches of white-footed mice
D) increased isolation of small forest patches from other patches
E) increased wind and desiccation effects in small forest patches
C) increased abundance in small forest patches of white-footed mice
Two habitat patches of the same area differ in their shapes. One is circular, the other narrowly elliptical. Which has the greater ratio of edge to interior?
A) circular patch B) narrowly elliptical patch
B) narrowly elliptical patch
Habitat fragments of a given area can differ greatly in their ratios of edge to interior habitat. Which of the following species was shown to favor woodland habitat fragments with a narrow peninsular shape? A) white-footed mouse B) brown-headed cowbird C) noisy miner D) black-legged tick E) lesser marbled fritillary
C) noisy miner
