Chapter 24 Quiz Flashcards
A stated position with evidence and reasoning in support of it
Argument
States the speakers conclusion about some state of affairs. Answers the question “what are you trying to prove”
Claim
Supporting material providing grounds for belief. Answers “what is your proof for the claim”
Evidence
Provides reasons or justifications for why the evidence supports the claim; allows the audience members to evaluate whether in fact the evidence is valid
Warrant
Focus on whether something is or is not true or whether something will or will not happen
Claims of facts
Addresses issues of judgment
Claims of value
Recommend that a specific course of action be taken approved
Claims of policy
Offer reasons targeted at the audiences needs and emotions
Motivational warrant
Appeal to the credibility the audience assigns to the source of the evidence; this appeal is based on ETHOS
Authoritative warrants
Target the audiences faith in the speakers factual evidence as justification for the argument; this appeal is based on LOGOS and appeals to the audiences rational thinking on a matter
Substantive warrants
Begin with a general case; supported by one or more specific examples of the case
Deductive reasoning
Logical fallacy that an isolated case is true all individuals or conditions concerned
Hasty generalization
Build from specific cases to general case or claim supported by them
Inductive reasoning
The speaker offers a cause and effect relationship as proof of the claim, arguing that one event, circumstance, or idea (the cause) is the reason (the effect) for another
Cause reasoning
Speaker compares two similar cases and implies that what is true in the other
Reasoning by analogy
The conclusion of your speech. Make an explicit appeal to take the specific action
Call to action
Does not mention opposing views
One-sided message
Mentions opposing views and sometimes refutes them
Two-sides message
Either a false or erroneous statement or an invalid or deceptive line of reasoning
Logical fallacy
Particularly effective when persuading audience members hostile to your position
Refutation pattern
A commonly used design for persuasive speeches, especially those based on claims of policy
Problem-solution-pattern
Requires more than two points to adequately explain the problem and to substantiate the recommended solution
Problem-cause-solution
Developed in the mid 1930s by Alan Monroe: a five step sequence that begins arousing listeners attention and end with calling for action
Motivated sequence pattern
What are the 5 steps to Monroe’s motivated sequence?
- Attention
- Need
- Satisfaction
- Visualization
- Action
Most effective when your audience is already aware of the issue or problem and agrees that a need for a solution exits
Comparative advantage pattern
Addresses each main point and then refuted (disapproves) an opposing claim to your position
Refutation pattern
