Chapter 24 GI Flashcards
1
Q
The organs of the digestive system together perform?
A
A vital function
2
Q
What is the vital function the organs of the digestive system perform?
A
Preparing nutrients for absorption and for use by the millions of body cells
3
Q
What do the main organs of the digestive system form?
A
The gastrointestinal tract
4
Q
What forms the gastrointestinal tract?
A
Main organs of the digestive system
5
Q
Where does the gastrointestinal tract extend through?
A
The abdominopelvic cavity
6
Q
What extends through the abdominopelvic cavity?
A
The gastrointestinal tract
7
Q
What is outside the internal environment of the body?
A
Ingested food material passing through the lumen of the GI tract
8
Q
Where is the ingested food material passing through the lumen of the GI tract located?
A
Outside the internal environment of the body
9
Q
Most food, when eaten, is in a form that cannot reach the cells, why?
A
It cannot pass through the intestinal mucosa into the bloodstream
10
Q
If the food, when eaten, cannot reach the cell when it is in that form could it still be used by the cells?
A
No
11
Q
What must be modified in both physical state and chemical composition so that nutrients can be absorbed and used by the body cells?
A
Food
12
Q
How must food be changed so that it can by absorbed by nutrients and used by the body cells?
A
Changed in physical state and chemical composition
13
Q
What do the main organ of the digestive system form?
A
A tube that goes all the way through the ventral cavities of the body
14
Q
What is the tube that is formed by the digestive system usually referred to as?
A
Alimentary canal, digestive tract, or gut
15
Q
What is referred to as the alimentary canal, digestive tract, or gut?
A
The tube formed by the main organs of the digestive system
16
Q
What is the wall of the GI tract made of?
A
4 layers
17
Q
What is made of 4 layers; mucosa submucosa, muscularis, serosa?
A
Wall of the GI tract
18
Q
What are the four layers of the GI tract?
A
Mucosa, Submucosa, muscularis, and serosa
19
Q
How many layers make up the mucosa?
A
Three
20
Q
What has an inner mucosa, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae?
A
The mucosa of the GI tract
21
Q
What are the three layers of the mucosa called?
A
Inner mucosa, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae
22
Q
What is made of a layer of loose, fibrous connective tissue called?
A
Lamina propria
23
Q
What is the lamina propria made of?
A
A layer of loose, fibrous connective tissue
24
Q
What is made of a thin layer of muscle?
A
Muscularis mucosae
25
What is muscularis mucosae made of?
A layer of smooth muscle
26
What contains numerous glands, blood vessels, and parasympathetic nerves?
The submucosa
27
What does the submucosa contain?
Numerous glands, blood vessels, and parasympathetic nerves
28
What is made of a thick layer of muscle tissue that wraps around the submucosa?
The muscularis
29
The muscularis is made of what?
A thick layer of muscle tissue that wraps around the submucosa
30
What is considered the outermost layer of GI tract?
The serosa
31
What is the serosa made of?
Made up of serous membrane
32
What is made up of serous membrane?
The serosa
33
Even though the four tissue layers form the various organs of the GI tract, what happens to through their structure in different regions?
Their structures vary in different regions of the tube throughout its length
34
The uvula is suspended from the midpoint of the?
posterior boarder of the arch
35
What is suspended from the midpoint of the the posterior of the arch?
The uvula
36
Hard palate consists of portions of How many bones?
Four bones: two maxillae and two palatines
37
What consists of portions of four bones: two maxillae and two palatines
Hard palate
38
What forms the partition between the mouth and nasopharynx?
Soft palate
39
What does the soft palate form?
The partition between the mouth and nasopharynx
40
What is made of muscle arranged in an arch?
Soft palate
41
What is the soft palate made of?
Muscle arranged in an arch
42
What does the opening in the arch lead from>
The mouth into the oropharynx
43
What leads from the mouth into the oropharynx?
An opening in the arch
44
What is the opening in the arch called?
Fauces
45
What is referred to as fauces?
An opening in the arch
46
How many parts does the tongue have?
Three
47
What are the three parts of the tongue?
Root, tip, and body
48
What is separated into three parts: root, tip, and body?
The tongue
49
What is located on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue?
Papillae
50
Where are papillae located?
On the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue
51
What anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
The lingual frenulum
52
What is the lingual frenulum?
An anchor for the tongue to the floor of the mouth
53
What are the tongues intrinsic muscle important for?
Speech and mastication
54
What muscles of the tongue are important for speech and mastication?
Intrinsic muscles
55
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue important for?
Deglutition(swallowing) and speech
56
What tongue muscles are important for deglutition(swallowing) and speech?
Extrinsic muscles
57
What is a solid mass of skeletal muscle covered by mucous membrane?
The tongue
58
The tongue is made of what?
A solid mass of skeletal muscle covered by mucous membrane
59
What is extremely maneuverable?
The tongue
60
Where are taste buds located?
Located on the sides of the fungiform papillae
61
What is located on the sides of the fungiform papillae?
Taste buds
62
Where are fungiform papillae located?
On the sides and tip of the tongue
63
What is located on the sides and tip of the tongue?
Fungiform papillae
64
Foliate papillae are leaflike ridges located?
On the posterior lateral edges of the tongue
65
What is located on the posterior lateral edges of the tongue?
Foliate papillae
66
What are characteristics of the foliate papillae?
Leaflike ridges
67
What are filamentous and threadlike in appearance?
The numerous filiform
68
The numerous filiform papillae are what in appearance?
Filamentous and threadlike
69
What has a whitish color and are distributed over the anterior two thirds of the tongue?
Filiform papillae
70
What does not contain taste buds?
Filiform papillae
71
How many pairs of compound tubuloaveolar glands are there?
Three
72
how much Saliva is secreted approximately each day?
I liter of saliva
73
What is provided for hygiene and comfort of oral tissues?
Additional small buccal glands
74
What are parotid glands?
Produce watery saliva containing enzymes
75
What produces watery saliva containing enzymes?
Parotid glands
76
What are submandibular glands?
Compound glands that contain enzyme and muscus-producing elements
77
What are compound glands that contain enzyme and mucus-producing elements called?
Submandibular glands
78
What do sublingual glands produce?
A mucous type of saliva
79
What produces a mucous type of saliva?
Sublingual glands
80
What are typical of the accessory glands associated with the digestive system?
The salivary glands
81
The salivary glands are typical of what?
Of the accessory glands associated with the digestive system
82
Where are the salivary glands located?
Outside the alimentary canal
83
What gland is located outside the alimentary canal?
Salivary glands
84
What convey their exocrine secretions by way of the ducts from the glands into the lumen?
Salivary glands
85
What do the salivary glands convey?
Their exocrine secretions by way of the duct from the glands into the lumen of the tract
86
What gland is largest of the paired salivary glands?
The parotid glands
87
The parotid glands are the largest of?
The paired salivary glands
88
Where are the parotid glands located?
Between the skin and underlying masseter muscle in front of and below the external ear
89
What is located between the skin and underlying masseter muscle in front of and below the external ear?
The parotid glands
90
Where are the submandibular glands located?
Just below the mandibular angle
91
What is located just below the mandibular angle?
The submandibular glands
92
What are the smallest of the salivary glands?
The sublingual glands
93
The sublingual glands are the smallest of?
The salivary glands
94
Where are the sublingual glands located?
They lie in front of the submandibular glands, under the mucous membrane covering the floor of the mouth
95
What is lies in front of the submandibular glands, under the mucous membrane covering the floor of the mouth?
The sublingual glands
96
What are deciduous teeth?
20 baby teeth
97
What appears early on in life?
Deciduous teeth
98
What sheds between ages 6 and 13?
Deciduous teeth
99
When are deciduous teeth shed?
Between ages 6 and 13
100
How many permanent teeth are there?
32 Teeth
101
What replaces the deciduous teeth?
Permanent teeth
102
What teeth are the last to appear?
The third molars or wisdom teeth
103
When do third molars usually erupt?
Sometime after 17 years of age
104
What appears after 17 years of age?
Third molars or wisdom teeth
105
What are teeth in the upper jaw called?
Maxillary teeth
106
Where are maxillary teeth located?
Maxilla bone of the skull
107
What are teeth in the lower jaw called?
Mandibular teeth
108
Where are mandibular teeth anchored in?
The mandible bone
109
What is the pharynx?
Tube through which a food bolus passes when moved from the mouth to the esophagus by the process of deglutition
110
What is the tube through which food bolus passes when moved from the mouth to the esophagus by the process of deglutition called?
Pharynx
111
What does air pass through?
All three divisions of the pharynx
112
What portion of the pharynx is involved in the digestive system?
Terminal portion
113
What happens after a bolus passes through the pharynx?
It enters the digestive tube proper, which is the portion of the digestive tract that serves only the digestive system
114
What varies according to factors such as gender and amount of distant ion?
Size of the stomach
115
What is the size of the stomach when no food is in it?
The size of a large sausage
116
What is the capacity of the stomach in an adult?
1 to 1.5 liters
117
Where is the stomach located?
In the upper part of the abdominal cavity, under the liver and diaphragm
118
What alters frequently?
The position of the stomach
119
How often does the stomach alter its position?
Frequently
120
What is pushed downward with each inspiration and upward with each expiration?
The stomach
121
What happens to the stomach with each inspiration and expiration?
its pushed downward with each inspiration and upward with each expiration
122
When it is greatly distended from an unusually larger meal, what does the stomachs size interfere with?
Interferes with descent of the diaphragm on inspiration, thereby producing the familiar feeling of dyspnea that accompanies overeating
123
What is dyspnea?
Breathing difficulty
124
What else might happen with overeating?
The stomach also pushes upward against the heart and may give rise to the sensation that the heart is being crowded
125
How many divisions of the stomach are there?
Four
126
What are the four divisions of the stomach?
Cardia, Fundus, Body, and pylorus
127
What is the cardia?
The collarlike region at the junction of the stomach and the esophagus
128
What is the collarlike region at the junction of the stomach and the esophagus called?
The cardia
129
What is the fundus?
The enlarged portion the the left and above the opening of the esophagus into the stomach
130
What is the enlarged portion to the left and above the opening of the esophagus into the stomach called?
The fundus
131
What is the body of the stomach?
The central portion of the stomach
132
What is the central portion of the stomach called?
The body
133
What is the pylorus?
The lower part of the stomach
134
What is the lower part of the stomach called?
The pylorus
135
What is the gastric mucosa?
Epithelial lining has rugae marked by gastric pits
136
What is the epithelial lining that has rugae marked by gastric pits called?
Gastric mucosa
137
What are gastric glands?
Secrete most of the gastric juice
138
What secrete most of the gastric juice called?
Gastric glands
139
What are chief cells?
Secrete the enzymes of the gastric juice
140
What secretes the enzymes of gastric juice?
Chief cells
141
What are parietal cells?
Secrete hydrochloric acids
142
What secretes hydrochloric acid?
Parietal cells
143
What is thought to produce intrinsic factor needed for vitamin b12 absorption?
Parietal cells
144
What do parietal cells thought to produce?
Intrinsic factor needed for vitamin b12 absorption
145
What are endocrine glands?
Secrete gastrin and ghrelin
146
What secretes gastrin and ghrelin?
Endocrine cells
147
Where are gastric glands found?
Below the level of the pits, particularly in the fundus and the body of the stomach
148
Chief cells, parietal cells, and endocrine cells are secretory cells found where?
In the gastric glands
149
What is found in the gastric glands?
Chief cells, parietal cells, and endocrine cells
150
What is the gastric muscularis?
Thick layer of muscle with three distinct sub layers of smooth muscle tissue arranged in a crisscrossing patter
151
How many distinct layers of smooth muscle tissue arranged in a crisscrossing pattern are there in the gastric muscularis?
Three
152
What is the importance of the crisscrossing pattern?
This pattern allows the stomach to contract strongly at many angles
153
What does the crisscrossing pattern make efficient?
The mixing action of this organ
154
What secretes gastric juices in digestion of food?
The stomach
155
What does the stomach break down?
Breaks food into small particles and mixes them with gastric juice
156
What does the stomach secrete?
Intrinsic factor
157
What does the stomach perform?
Limited absorption
158
What does the stomach produce?
Gastrin and Ghrelin
159
What does the stomach help protect the body from?
Pathogenic bacteria swallowed with food
160
The stomach is a reservoir for?
Food until it is partially digested and moved further along the GI tract
161
What are three examples of tooth decay?
Gingivitis/periodontitis
Leukoplakia
Malocclusion
162
What is Sjögren syndrome?
an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system targets the salivary and tear glands for destruction.
163
What is defined as an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system targets the salivary and tear glands for destruction?
Sjögren syndrome
164
What is mumps?
an acute viral disease characterized by swelling and inflammation of the parotid gland (parotitis).
165
What is an acute viral disease characterized by swelling and inflammation of the parotid gland (parotitis) called?
Mumps
166
What is gingivitis?
the general term for inflammation or infection of the gums. Most cases of gingivitis result from poor oral hygiene: inadequate brushing and no flossing.
167
What is the general term for inflammation or infection of the gums. Most cases of gingivitis result from poor oral hygiene: inadequate brushing and no flossing called?
Gingivitis
168
What is periodontitis?
inflammation of the periodontal membrane, or periodontal ligament, which anchors the tooth to the bone of the jaw.
169
What is the inflammation of the periodontal membrane, or periodontal ligament, which anchors the tooth to the bone of the jaw called?
Periodontitis
170
What is leukoplakia of the mouth?
a precancerous change in the mucous membrane characterized by thickened, white, and slightly raised patches of tissue.
171
What is a precancerous change in the mucous membrane characterized by thickened, white, and slightly raised patches of tissue called?
Leukoplakia of the mouth
172
What is Malocclusion of the teeth?
occurs when missing teeth create wide spaces in the dentition, when teeth overlap, or when malposition of one or more teeth prevents correct alignment of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches.
173
What occurs when missing teeth create wide spaces in the dentition, when teeth overlap, or when malposition of one or more teeth prevents correct alignment of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches called?
Malocclusion of the teeth
174
What is the Backward flow of stomach acid up into the esophagus causes symptoms of “heartburn,” which typically include burning and pressure behind the breastbone(sternum) called?
GERD
175
What is GERD short for?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
176
What is gastroenteritis?
Stomach inflammation(gastritis)
177
What is intestinal inflammation called?
Gastroenteritis
178
What is a chronic loss of appetite called?
Anorexia
179
What is nausea?
an unpleasant feeling that often leads to vomiting.
| Emesis is vomiting.
180
What is plyorospasm?
the pyloric fibers do not relax normally to allow food to leave the stomach; consequently, the infant vomits food instead of digesting and absorbing it.
181
How many division of the small intestine are there?
Three
182
What are the three divisions of the small intestine?
Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum
183
What is duodenum?
Uppermost division; approximately 25 cm long, shaped like the letter C
184
How much of the small intestine fills the abdominal cavity with coiled loops?
Most of the abdominal cavity
185
What does the intestinal lining contain?
Pelican with villi
186
What is Villi?
Important modifications of the mucosal layer
187
Each villus contains?
an arteriole, a venule, and a lacteal vessel
188
What contains an arteriole, a venule, and a lacteal vessel?
Each villus
189
Villi is covered by a brush border made up of 1700 ultrafine?
Microvilli per cell
190
What do villi and microvilli increase?
The surface area of the small intestine hundreds of times
191
The small intestine increasing the surfaces makes it what?
The main site of digestion and absorption
192
What do enteroendocrine cells produce?
Intestinal hormones and are Aldo found in villi
193
Also present in the small intestine are?
odd-looking tuft cells (brush cells) that have a dense apical tuft of long microvilli
194
What do tuft cells(brush cells) secrete?
Protaglandins and endorphins
195
How many divisions of the large intestine are there?
Three
196
What are the three divisions of the large intestine?
Cecum, Colon, and Rectum
197
What decreases toward the end of the tube??
The diameter of the large intestine
198
What is the ascending colon?
Vertical position on the right side of the abdomen
199
What is the Vertical position on the right side of the abdomen called?
Ascending colon
200
What is the transverse colon?
Passes horizontally across the abdomen, above the small intestine
201
What Passes horizontally across the abdomen, above the small intestine called?
Transverse colon
202
What is the descending colon?
Vertical position on left side of the abdomen
203
What is the Vertical position on left side of the abdomen called?
Descending colon
204
What is the sigmoid colon?
Lower part of the curve joins the rectum
205
What is the Lower part of the curve joins the rectum called?
Sigmoid colon
206
What is the ileocecal valve?
the ascending colon prevents material from passing from the large intestine into the ileum.
207
What is the the ascending colon prevents material from passing from the large intestine into the ileum called?
The ileocecal valve
208
What does the transverse colon extend from?
the hepatic flexure to the splenic flexure.
209
What is the rectum?
Last 7 or 8 inches of the intestinal tube
210
What is the terminal inch of the tube called?
Anal canal
211
What is the anal canal?
The terminal inch of the tube
212
What is the opening of the rectum called?
Anus
213
What is the intestinal mucous glands?
they produce lubricating mucus that coats feces as they are formed
214
What does the wall of the large intestine have?
Intestinal mucous glands and uneven distribution of fibers in the muscle layer
215
What is the outside of the colon wall?
the serous membrane extension of the peritoneum.
216
The outside wall is often studded with?
pouchlike extensions filled with fat called epiploic appendages.
217
What is called the accessory organ of digestive system?
Vermiform appendix
218
What is the vermiform appendix an accessory to?
The digestive system
219
What communicates with the cecum?
Vermiform appendix
220
The vermiform appendix communicates with?
The cecum
221
What is a reservoirs for beneficial gut bacteria?
Vermiform appendix
222
What does Maintaining a normal intestinal microbiome helps prevent?
pathogenic bacteria from becoming established.
223
bacteria hidden away in the appendix can migrate into?
the colon to restore the normal ecological balance.
224
What is the peritoneum?
Large, continuous sheet of serous membrane
225
Many organs are covered with?
visceral peritoneum
226
What does parietal peritoneum line?
the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity
227
What is mesentery?
Projection of the parietal peritoneum
228
What is the transverse mesocolon?
Extension of the peritoneum that supports the transverse colon
229
Extraparietal space is outside the?
parietal layer of the peritoneum.
230
Retroperitoneal space is the?
extraperitoneal space along the posterior and bottom of the abdominopelvic cavity.
231
What does mesentery allow?
free movement of each coil of the intestine and helps prevent strangulation of the long tube.
232
Where is the liver located?
Lies under the diaphragm
233
How many lobes does the liver have?
Two
234
What kind of lobules does the liver have?
Hepatic lobules
235
What lobes does the liver have?
Right and left lobe
236
What does the left lobe of the liver do?
Form about one sixth of the liver
237
What does the right lobe do?
Forms about five sixths of the liver
238
What are the hepatic lobules?
Anatomical units of the liver
239
What does the liver occupy?
Most of the right hypochondrium and part of the epigastrium
240
What separates the right and left lobe?
The falciform ligament
241
What is the right lobe divided into?
Right lobe proper, caudate lobe, and quadrate lobe
242
What is divided into the right lobe proper, caudate lobe, and quadrate lobe?
The right lobe of the liver
243
Where does the small branch of the hepatic vein extend through?
The center of each lobule
244
What forms the right and left hepatic ducts?
Small bile ducts
245
What immediately joins to form one hepatic duct?
Right and left hepatic ducts
246
The hepatic duct merges with the cystic duct to form?
The common bile duct, which opens into the duodenum
247
The liver functions to detoxify?
Liver cells
248
How much bile does the liver cells secrete?
Liver cells secrete approximately 1 pint of bile per day
249
What is liver metabolism?
Carries out numerous important steps in metabolizing proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
250
What does the liver produce?
Production of important plasma proteins
251
How may toxic substances be changed and where are they changed?
Changed toxic substances that are either ingested for formed in the intestines into nontoxic
252
Where are bile salts formed?
In the liver from cholesterol
253
What is the most essential part of the bile?
Bile salts
254
What does the liver store?
Substances such as iron and some vitamins
255
Where does the gallbladder lie?
Lies on the undersurface of the liver
256
How many layers does the gallbladder have?
Three
257
What are the three layers of the gallbladder?
Serous, muscular, and mucosal
258
How is the mucosal lining arranged and what does it allow?
Arranged in folds called rugae, which expands to allow the storage of bile
259
How much can the gallbladder hold?
30 to 50ml of bile
260
What stores bile?
The gallbladder
261
What does the gallbladder concentrate?
Bile fivefold to tenfold
262
What does the bile eject the concentrated bile into?
The duodenum
263
What is Jaundice?
a yellow discoloration of the skin and mucosa, results when the flow of bile into the duodenum is obstructed.
264
What are gallstones often made of?
Cholesterol and can form when bile becomes concentrated
265
What is the grayish pink gland called?
Pancreas
266
What portions does the pancreas have?
Exocrine and Endocrine
267
What is the exocrine portion of the pancreas?
Has a compound acinar arrangement; tiny ducts unite to form the main pancreatic duct, which empties into the duodenum
268
What is the Endocrine portion of the pancreas?
Embedded between exocrine units; called pancreatic islets; made up of alpha cells and beta cells; pass secretions into capillaries
269
Where does the pancreas run?
From the duodenum, behind the stomach, to the spleen
270
What is the pancreas composed of?
Endocrine and exocrine glandular tissue
271
What portion makes up most of the pancreas?
Exocrine portion
272
How much of the pancreas does the endocrine portion make up?
2% of the total mass of the pancreas
273
What has acinar units and what do they secrete?
Pancreas and digestive enzymes
274
What do beta cells secrete?
Insulin
275
What do Alpha cells secrete?
Glucagon
276
What is produced so close to where insulin is produced, has an opposite effect on carbohydrate metabolism?
Glucagon
277
What is Malabsorption syndrome?
general term referring to a group of symptoms resulting from the failure of the small intestine to absorb nutrients properly.
278
What is diverticulosis?
the presence of abnormal, saclike outpouchings of the intestinal wall called diverticula.
279
What is diverticulosis characterized by?
pain, tenderness, and fever.
280
What are symptoms of colitis?
diarrhea and abdominal cramps or constipation.
281
What is Irritable bowel syndrome, or spastic colon?
a common, chronic, noninflammatory condition that is often caused by stress.
282
What is Colorectal cancer?
malignancy (usually an adenocarcinoma) of the colon or rectum.
283
What are hemorrhoids?
dilated veins that result from direct irritation or from increases in venous pressure that often accompany pregnancy or result from constipation and the subsequent straining required to pass compact, hardened stools.
284
What is proctitis?
inflammation of the rectal mucosa, is another common cause of rectal bleeding.
285
What is hepatitis?
general term referring to inflammation of the liver.
286
What are characteristics of hepatitis?
jaundice (yellowish discoloration of body tissues), liver enlargement, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, gray-white feces, and dark urine.
287
What is cirrhosis?
Hepatitis, chronic alcohol abuse, malnutrition, infection, or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease may lead to a degenerative liver
288
What is pancreatitis?
inflammation of the pancreas, can be caused by various factors.
289
What is pancreatic cancer?
Usually a form of adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer claims the lives of nearly all its patients within 5 years after diagnosis.
