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Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 24 GI > Flashcards

Chapter 24 GI Flashcards

1
Q

The organs of the digestive system together perform?

A

A vital function

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2
Q

What is the vital function the organs of the digestive system perform?

A

Preparing nutrients for absorption and for use by the millions of body cells

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3
Q

What do the main organs of the digestive system form?

A

The gastrointestinal tract

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4
Q

What forms the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Main organs of the digestive system

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5
Q

Where does the gastrointestinal tract extend through?

A

The abdominopelvic cavity

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6
Q

What extends through the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

The gastrointestinal tract

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7
Q

What is outside the internal environment of the body?

A

Ingested food material passing through the lumen of the GI tract

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8
Q

Where is the ingested food material passing through the lumen of the GI tract located?

A

Outside the internal environment of the body

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9
Q

Most food, when eaten, is in a form that cannot reach the cells, why?

A

It cannot pass through the intestinal mucosa into the bloodstream

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10
Q

If the food, when eaten, cannot reach the cell when it is in that form could it still be used by the cells?

A

No

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11
Q

What must be modified in both physical state and chemical composition so that nutrients can be absorbed and used by the body cells?

A

Food

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12
Q

How must food be changed so that it can by absorbed by nutrients and used by the body cells?

A

Changed in physical state and chemical composition

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13
Q

What do the main organ of the digestive system form?

A

A tube that goes all the way through the ventral cavities of the body

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14
Q

What is the tube that is formed by the digestive system usually referred to as?

A

Alimentary canal, digestive tract, or gut

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15
Q

What is referred to as the alimentary canal, digestive tract, or gut?

A

The tube formed by the main organs of the digestive system

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16
Q

What is the wall of the GI tract made of?

A

4 layers

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17
Q

What is made of 4 layers; mucosa submucosa, muscularis, serosa?

A

Wall of the GI tract

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18
Q

What are the four layers of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa, Submucosa, muscularis, and serosa

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19
Q

How many layers make up the mucosa?

A

Three

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20
Q

What has an inner mucosa, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae?

A

The mucosa of the GI tract

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21
Q

What are the three layers of the mucosa called?

A

Inner mucosa, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae

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22
Q

What is made of a layer of loose, fibrous connective tissue called?

A

Lamina propria

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23
Q

What is the lamina propria made of?

A

A layer of loose, fibrous connective tissue

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24
Q

What is made of a thin layer of muscle?

A

Muscularis mucosae

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25
Q

What is muscularis mucosae made of?

A

A layer of smooth muscle

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26
Q

What contains numerous glands, blood vessels, and parasympathetic nerves?

A

The submucosa

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27
Q

What does the submucosa contain?

A

Numerous glands, blood vessels, and parasympathetic nerves

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28
Q

What is made of a thick layer of muscle tissue that wraps around the submucosa?

A

The muscularis

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29
Q

The muscularis is made of what?

A

A thick layer of muscle tissue that wraps around the submucosa

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30
Q

What is considered the outermost layer of GI tract?

A

The serosa

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31
Q

What is the serosa made of?

A

Made up of serous membrane

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32
Q

What is made up of serous membrane?

A

The serosa

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33
Q

Even though the four tissue layers form the various organs of the GI tract, what happens to through their structure in different regions?

A

Their structures vary in different regions of the tube throughout its length

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34
Q

The uvula is suspended from the midpoint of the?

A

posterior boarder of the arch

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35
Q

What is suspended from the midpoint of the the posterior of the arch?

A

The uvula

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36
Q

Hard palate consists of portions of How many bones?

A

Four bones: two maxillae and two palatines

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37
Q

What consists of portions of four bones: two maxillae and two palatines

A

Hard palate

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38
Q

What forms the partition between the mouth and nasopharynx?

A

Soft palate

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39
Q

What does the soft palate form?

A

The partition between the mouth and nasopharynx

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40
Q

What is made of muscle arranged in an arch?

A

Soft palate

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41
Q

What is the soft palate made of?

A

Muscle arranged in an arch

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42
Q

What does the opening in the arch lead from>

A

The mouth into the oropharynx

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43
Q

What leads from the mouth into the oropharynx?

A

An opening in the arch

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44
Q

What is the opening in the arch called?

A

Fauces

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45
Q

What is referred to as fauces?

A

An opening in the arch

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46
Q

How many parts does the tongue have?

A

Three

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47
Q

What are the three parts of the tongue?

A

Root, tip, and body

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48
Q

What is separated into three parts: root, tip, and body?

A

The tongue

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49
Q

What is located on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue?

A

Papillae

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50
Q

Where are papillae located?

A

On the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue

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51
Q

What anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

A

The lingual frenulum

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52
Q

What is the lingual frenulum?

A

An anchor for the tongue to the floor of the mouth

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53
Q

What are the tongues intrinsic muscle important for?

A

Speech and mastication

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54
Q

What muscles of the tongue are important for speech and mastication?

A

Intrinsic muscles

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55
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue important for?

A

Deglutition(swallowing) and speech

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56
Q

What tongue muscles are important for deglutition(swallowing) and speech?

A

Extrinsic muscles

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57
Q

What is a solid mass of skeletal muscle covered by mucous membrane?

A

The tongue

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58
Q

The tongue is made of what?

A

A solid mass of skeletal muscle covered by mucous membrane

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59
Q

What is extremely maneuverable?

A

The tongue

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60
Q

Where are taste buds located?

A

Located on the sides of the fungiform papillae

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61
Q

What is located on the sides of the fungiform papillae?

A

Taste buds

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62
Q

Where are fungiform papillae located?

A

On the sides and tip of the tongue

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63
Q

What is located on the sides and tip of the tongue?

A

Fungiform papillae

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64
Q

Foliate papillae are leaflike ridges located?

A

On the posterior lateral edges of the tongue

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65
Q

What is located on the posterior lateral edges of the tongue?

A

Foliate papillae

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66
Q

What are characteristics of the foliate papillae?

A

Leaflike ridges

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67
Q

What are filamentous and threadlike in appearance?

A

The numerous filiform

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68
Q

The numerous filiform papillae are what in appearance?

A

Filamentous and threadlike

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69
Q

What has a whitish color and are distributed over the anterior two thirds of the tongue?

A

Filiform papillae

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70
Q

What does not contain taste buds?

A

Filiform papillae

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71
Q

How many pairs of compound tubuloaveolar glands are there?

A

Three

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72
Q

how much Saliva is secreted approximately each day?

A

I liter of saliva

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73
Q

What is provided for hygiene and comfort of oral tissues?

A

Additional small buccal glands

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74
Q

What are parotid glands?

A

Produce watery saliva containing enzymes

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75
Q

What produces watery saliva containing enzymes?

A

Parotid glands

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76
Q

What are submandibular glands?

A

Compound glands that contain enzyme and muscus-producing elements

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77
Q

What are compound glands that contain enzyme and mucus-producing elements called?

A

Submandibular glands

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78
Q

What do sublingual glands produce?

A

A mucous type of saliva

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79
Q

What produces a mucous type of saliva?

A

Sublingual glands

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80
Q

What are typical of the accessory glands associated with the digestive system?

A

The salivary glands

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81
Q

The salivary glands are typical of what?

A

Of the accessory glands associated with the digestive system

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82
Q

Where are the salivary glands located?

A

Outside the alimentary canal

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83
Q

What gland is located outside the alimentary canal?

A

Salivary glands

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84
Q

What convey their exocrine secretions by way of the ducts from the glands into the lumen?

A

Salivary glands

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85
Q

What do the salivary glands convey?

A

Their exocrine secretions by way of the duct from the glands into the lumen of the tract

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86
Q

What gland is largest of the paired salivary glands?

A

The parotid glands

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87
Q

The parotid glands are the largest of?

A

The paired salivary glands

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88
Q

Where are the parotid glands located?

A

Between the skin and underlying masseter muscle in front of and below the external ear

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89
Q

What is located between the skin and underlying masseter muscle in front of and below the external ear?

A

The parotid glands

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90
Q

Where are the submandibular glands located?

A

Just below the mandibular angle

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91
Q

What is located just below the mandibular angle?

A

The submandibular glands

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92
Q

What are the smallest of the salivary glands?

A

The sublingual glands

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93
Q

The sublingual glands are the smallest of?

A

The salivary glands

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94
Q

Where are the sublingual glands located?

A

They lie in front of the submandibular glands, under the mucous membrane covering the floor of the mouth

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95
Q

What is lies in front of the submandibular glands, under the mucous membrane covering the floor of the mouth?

A

The sublingual glands

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96
Q

What are deciduous teeth?

A

20 baby teeth

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97
Q

What appears early on in life?

A

Deciduous teeth

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98
Q

What sheds between ages 6 and 13?

A

Deciduous teeth

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99
Q

When are deciduous teeth shed?

A

Between ages 6 and 13

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100
Q

How many permanent teeth are there?

A

32 Teeth

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101
Q

What replaces the deciduous teeth?

A

Permanent teeth

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102
Q

What teeth are the last to appear?

A

The third molars or wisdom teeth

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103
Q

When do third molars usually erupt?

A

Sometime after 17 years of age

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104
Q

What appears after 17 years of age?

A

Third molars or wisdom teeth

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105
Q

What are teeth in the upper jaw called?

A

Maxillary teeth

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106
Q

Where are maxillary teeth located?

A

Maxilla bone of the skull

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107
Q

What are teeth in the lower jaw called?

A

Mandibular teeth

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108
Q

Where are mandibular teeth anchored in?

A

The mandible bone

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109
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Tube through which a food bolus passes when moved from the mouth to the esophagus by the process of deglutition

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110
Q

What is the tube through which food bolus passes when moved from the mouth to the esophagus by the process of deglutition called?

A

Pharynx

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111
Q

What does air pass through?

A

All three divisions of the pharynx

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112
Q

What portion of the pharynx is involved in the digestive system?

A

Terminal portion

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113
Q

What happens after a bolus passes through the pharynx?

A

It enters the digestive tube proper, which is the portion of the digestive tract that serves only the digestive system

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114
Q

What varies according to factors such as gender and amount of distant ion?

A

Size of the stomach

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115
Q

What is the size of the stomach when no food is in it?

A

The size of a large sausage

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116
Q

What is the capacity of the stomach in an adult?

A

1 to 1.5 liters

117
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

In the upper part of the abdominal cavity, under the liver and diaphragm

118
Q

What alters frequently?

A

The position of the stomach

119
Q

How often does the stomach alter its position?

A

Frequently

120
Q

What is pushed downward with each inspiration and upward with each expiration?

A

The stomach

121
Q

What happens to the stomach with each inspiration and expiration?

A

its pushed downward with each inspiration and upward with each expiration

122
Q

When it is greatly distended from an unusually larger meal, what does the stomachs size interfere with?

A

Interferes with descent of the diaphragm on inspiration, thereby producing the familiar feeling of dyspnea that accompanies overeating

123
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

Breathing difficulty

124
Q

What else might happen with overeating?

A

The stomach also pushes upward against the heart and may give rise to the sensation that the heart is being crowded

125
Q

How many divisions of the stomach are there?

A

Four

126
Q

What are the four divisions of the stomach?

A

Cardia, Fundus, Body, and pylorus

127
Q

What is the cardia?

A

The collarlike region at the junction of the stomach and the esophagus

128
Q

What is the collarlike region at the junction of the stomach and the esophagus called?

A

The cardia

129
Q

What is the fundus?

A

The enlarged portion the the left and above the opening of the esophagus into the stomach

130
Q

What is the enlarged portion to the left and above the opening of the esophagus into the stomach called?

A

The fundus

131
Q

What is the body of the stomach?

A

The central portion of the stomach

132
Q

What is the central portion of the stomach called?

A

The body

133
Q

What is the pylorus?

A

The lower part of the stomach

134
Q

What is the lower part of the stomach called?

A

The pylorus

135
Q

What is the gastric mucosa?

A

Epithelial lining has rugae marked by gastric pits

136
Q

What is the epithelial lining that has rugae marked by gastric pits called?

A

Gastric mucosa

137
Q

What are gastric glands?

A

Secrete most of the gastric juice

138
Q

What secrete most of the gastric juice called?

A

Gastric glands

139
Q

What are chief cells?

A

Secrete the enzymes of the gastric juice

140
Q

What secretes the enzymes of gastric juice?

A

Chief cells

141
Q

What are parietal cells?

A

Secrete hydrochloric acids

142
Q

What secretes hydrochloric acid?

A

Parietal cells

143
Q

What is thought to produce intrinsic factor needed for vitamin b12 absorption?

A

Parietal cells

144
Q

What do parietal cells thought to produce?

A

Intrinsic factor needed for vitamin b12 absorption

145
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Secrete gastrin and ghrelin

146
Q

What secretes gastrin and ghrelin?

A

Endocrine cells

147
Q

Where are gastric glands found?

A

Below the level of the pits, particularly in the fundus and the body of the stomach

148
Q

Chief cells, parietal cells, and endocrine cells are secretory cells found where?

A

In the gastric glands

149
Q

What is found in the gastric glands?

A

Chief cells, parietal cells, and endocrine cells

150
Q

What is the gastric muscularis?

A

Thick layer of muscle with three distinct sub layers of smooth muscle tissue arranged in a crisscrossing patter

151
Q

How many distinct layers of smooth muscle tissue arranged in a crisscrossing pattern are there in the gastric muscularis?

A

Three

152
Q

What is the importance of the crisscrossing pattern?

A

This pattern allows the stomach to contract strongly at many angles

153
Q

What does the crisscrossing pattern make efficient?

A

The mixing action of this organ

154
Q

What secretes gastric juices in digestion of food?

A

The stomach

155
Q

What does the stomach break down?

A

Breaks food into small particles and mixes them with gastric juice

156
Q

What does the stomach secrete?

A

Intrinsic factor

157
Q

What does the stomach perform?

A

Limited absorption

158
Q

What does the stomach produce?

A

Gastrin and Ghrelin

159
Q

What does the stomach help protect the body from?

A

Pathogenic bacteria swallowed with food

160
Q

The stomach is a reservoir for?

A

Food until it is partially digested and moved further along the GI tract

161
Q

What are three examples of tooth decay?

A

Gingivitis/periodontitis
Leukoplakia
Malocclusion

162
Q

What is Sjögren syndrome?

A

an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system targets the salivary and tear glands for destruction.

163
Q

What is defined as an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system targets the salivary and tear glands for destruction?

A

Sjögren syndrome

164
Q

What is mumps?

A

an acute viral disease characterized by swelling and inflammation of the parotid gland (parotitis).

165
Q

What is an acute viral disease characterized by swelling and inflammation of the parotid gland (parotitis) called?

A

Mumps

166
Q

What is gingivitis?

A

the general term for inflammation or infection of the gums. Most cases of gingivitis result from poor oral hygiene: inadequate brushing and no flossing.

167
Q

What is the general term for inflammation or infection of the gums. Most cases of gingivitis result from poor oral hygiene: inadequate brushing and no flossing called?

A

Gingivitis

168
Q

What is periodontitis?

A

inflammation of the periodontal membrane, or periodontal ligament, which anchors the tooth to the bone of the jaw.

169
Q

What is the inflammation of the periodontal membrane, or periodontal ligament, which anchors the tooth to the bone of the jaw called?

A

Periodontitis

170
Q

What is leukoplakia of the mouth?

A

a precancerous change in the mucous membrane characterized by thickened, white, and slightly raised patches of tissue.

171
Q

What is a precancerous change in the mucous membrane characterized by thickened, white, and slightly raised patches of tissue called?

A

Leukoplakia of the mouth

172
Q

What is Malocclusion of the teeth?

A

occurs when missing teeth create wide spaces in the dentition, when teeth overlap, or when malposition of one or more teeth prevents correct alignment of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches.

173
Q

What occurs when missing teeth create wide spaces in the dentition, when teeth overlap, or when malposition of one or more teeth prevents correct alignment of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches called?

A

Malocclusion of the teeth

174
Q

What is the Backward flow of stomach acid up into the esophagus causes symptoms of “heartburn,” which typically include burning and pressure behind the breastbone(sternum) called?

A

GERD

175
Q

What is GERD short for?

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

176
Q

What is gastroenteritis?

A

Stomach inflammation(gastritis)

177
Q

What is intestinal inflammation called?

A

Gastroenteritis

178
Q

What is a chronic loss of appetite called?

A

Anorexia

179
Q

What is nausea?

A

an unpleasant feeling that often leads to vomiting.

Emesis is vomiting.

180
Q

What is plyorospasm?

A

the pyloric fibers do not relax normally to allow food to leave the stomach; consequently, the infant vomits food instead of digesting and absorbing it.

181
Q

How many division of the small intestine are there?

A

Three

182
Q

What are the three divisions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum

183
Q

What is duodenum?

A

Uppermost division; approximately 25 cm long, shaped like the letter C

184
Q

How much of the small intestine fills the abdominal cavity with coiled loops?

A

Most of the abdominal cavity

185
Q

What does the intestinal lining contain?

A

Pelican with villi

186
Q

What is Villi?

A

Important modifications of the mucosal layer

187
Q

Each villus contains?

A

an arteriole, a venule, and a lacteal vessel

188
Q

What contains an arteriole, a venule, and a lacteal vessel?

A

Each villus

189
Q

Villi is covered by a brush border made up of 1700 ultrafine?

A

Microvilli per cell

190
Q

What do villi and microvilli increase?

A

The surface area of the small intestine hundreds of times

191
Q

The small intestine increasing the surfaces makes it what?

A

The main site of digestion and absorption

192
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells produce?

A

Intestinal hormones and are Aldo found in villi

193
Q

Also present in the small intestine are?

A

odd-looking tuft cells (brush cells) that have a dense apical tuft of long microvilli

194
Q

What do tuft cells(brush cells) secrete?

A

Protaglandins and endorphins

195
Q

How many divisions of the large intestine are there?

A

Three

196
Q

What are the three divisions of the large intestine?

A

Cecum, Colon, and Rectum

197
Q

What decreases toward the end of the tube??

A

The diameter of the large intestine

198
Q

What is the ascending colon?

A

Vertical position on the right side of the abdomen

199
Q

What is the Vertical position on the right side of the abdomen called?

A

Ascending colon

200
Q

What is the transverse colon?

A

Passes horizontally across the abdomen, above the small intestine

201
Q

What Passes horizontally across the abdomen, above the small intestine called?

A

Transverse colon

202
Q

What is the descending colon?

A

Vertical position on left side of the abdomen

203
Q

What is the Vertical position on left side of the abdomen called?

A

Descending colon

204
Q

What is the sigmoid colon?

A

Lower part of the curve joins the rectum

205
Q

What is the Lower part of the curve joins the rectum called?

A

Sigmoid colon

206
Q

What is the ileocecal valve?

A

the ascending colon prevents material from passing from the large intestine into the ileum.

207
Q

What is the the ascending colon prevents material from passing from the large intestine into the ileum called?

A

The ileocecal valve

208
Q

What does the transverse colon extend from?

A

the hepatic flexure to the splenic flexure.

209
Q

What is the rectum?

A

Last 7 or 8 inches of the intestinal tube

210
Q

What is the terminal inch of the tube called?

A

Anal canal

211
Q

What is the anal canal?

A

The terminal inch of the tube

212
Q

What is the opening of the rectum called?

A

Anus

213
Q

What is the intestinal mucous glands?

A

they produce lubricating mucus that coats feces as they are formed

214
Q

What does the wall of the large intestine have?

A

Intestinal mucous glands and uneven distribution of fibers in the muscle layer

215
Q

What is the outside of the colon wall?

A

the serous membrane extension of the peritoneum.

216
Q

The outside wall is often studded with?

A

pouchlike extensions filled with fat called epiploic appendages.

217
Q

What is called the accessory organ of digestive system?

A

Vermiform appendix

218
Q

What is the vermiform appendix an accessory to?

A

The digestive system

219
Q

What communicates with the cecum?

A

Vermiform appendix

220
Q

The vermiform appendix communicates with?

A

The cecum

221
Q

What is a reservoirs for beneficial gut bacteria?

A

Vermiform appendix

222
Q

What does Maintaining a normal intestinal microbiome helps prevent?

A

pathogenic bacteria from becoming established.

223
Q

bacteria hidden away in the appendix can migrate into?

A

the colon to restore the normal ecological balance.

224
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Large, continuous sheet of serous membrane

225
Q

Many organs are covered with?

A

visceral peritoneum

226
Q

What does parietal peritoneum line?

A

the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

227
Q

What is mesentery?

A

Projection of the parietal peritoneum

228
Q

What is the transverse mesocolon?

A

Extension of the peritoneum that supports the transverse colon

229
Q

Extraparietal space is outside the?

A

parietal layer of the peritoneum.

230
Q

Retroperitoneal space is the?

A

extraperitoneal space along the posterior and bottom of the abdominopelvic cavity.

231
Q

What does mesentery allow?

A

free movement of each coil of the intestine and helps prevent strangulation of the long tube.

232
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

Lies under the diaphragm

233
Q

How many lobes does the liver have?

A

Two

234
Q

What kind of lobules does the liver have?

A

Hepatic lobules

235
Q

What lobes does the liver have?

A

Right and left lobe

236
Q

What does the left lobe of the liver do?

A

Form about one sixth of the liver

237
Q

What does the right lobe do?

A

Forms about five sixths of the liver

238
Q

What are the hepatic lobules?

A

Anatomical units of the liver

239
Q

What does the liver occupy?

A

Most of the right hypochondrium and part of the epigastrium

240
Q

What separates the right and left lobe?

A

The falciform ligament

241
Q

What is the right lobe divided into?

A

Right lobe proper, caudate lobe, and quadrate lobe

242
Q

What is divided into the right lobe proper, caudate lobe, and quadrate lobe?

A

The right lobe of the liver

243
Q

Where does the small branch of the hepatic vein extend through?

A

The center of each lobule

244
Q

What forms the right and left hepatic ducts?

A

Small bile ducts

245
Q

What immediately joins to form one hepatic duct?

A

Right and left hepatic ducts

246
Q

The hepatic duct merges with the cystic duct to form?

A

The common bile duct, which opens into the duodenum

247
Q

The liver functions to detoxify?

A

Liver cells

248
Q

How much bile does the liver cells secrete?

A

Liver cells secrete approximately 1 pint of bile per day

249
Q

What is liver metabolism?

A

Carries out numerous important steps in metabolizing proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

250
Q

What does the liver produce?

A

Production of important plasma proteins

251
Q

How may toxic substances be changed and where are they changed?

A

Changed toxic substances that are either ingested for formed in the intestines into nontoxic

252
Q

Where are bile salts formed?

A

In the liver from cholesterol

253
Q

What is the most essential part of the bile?

A

Bile salts

254
Q

What does the liver store?

A

Substances such as iron and some vitamins

255
Q

Where does the gallbladder lie?

A

Lies on the undersurface of the liver

256
Q

How many layers does the gallbladder have?

A

Three

257
Q

What are the three layers of the gallbladder?

A

Serous, muscular, and mucosal

258
Q

How is the mucosal lining arranged and what does it allow?

A

Arranged in folds called rugae, which expands to allow the storage of bile

259
Q

How much can the gallbladder hold?

A

30 to 50ml of bile

260
Q

What stores bile?

A

The gallbladder

261
Q

What does the gallbladder concentrate?

A

Bile fivefold to tenfold

262
Q

What does the bile eject the concentrated bile into?

A

The duodenum

263
Q

What is Jaundice?

A

a yellow discoloration of the skin and mucosa, results when the flow of bile into the duodenum is obstructed.

264
Q

What are gallstones often made of?

A

Cholesterol and can form when bile becomes concentrated

265
Q

What is the grayish pink gland called?

A

Pancreas

266
Q

What portions does the pancreas have?

A

Exocrine and Endocrine

267
Q

What is the exocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

Has a compound acinar arrangement; tiny ducts unite to form the main pancreatic duct, which empties into the duodenum

268
Q

What is the Endocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

Embedded between exocrine units; called pancreatic islets; made up of alpha cells and beta cells; pass secretions into capillaries

269
Q

Where does the pancreas run?

A

From the duodenum, behind the stomach, to the spleen

270
Q

What is the pancreas composed of?

A

Endocrine and exocrine glandular tissue

271
Q

What portion makes up most of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine portion

272
Q

How much of the pancreas does the endocrine portion make up?

A

2% of the total mass of the pancreas

273
Q

What has acinar units and what do they secrete?

A

Pancreas and digestive enzymes

274
Q

What do beta cells secrete?

A

Insulin

275
Q

What do Alpha cells secrete?

A

Glucagon

276
Q

What is produced so close to where insulin is produced, has an opposite effect on carbohydrate metabolism?

A

Glucagon

277
Q

What is Malabsorption syndrome?

A

general term referring to a group of symptoms resulting from the failure of the small intestine to absorb nutrients properly.

278
Q

What is diverticulosis?

A

the presence of abnormal, saclike outpouchings of the intestinal wall called diverticula.

279
Q

What is diverticulosis characterized by?

A

pain, tenderness, and fever.

280
Q

What are symptoms of colitis?

A

diarrhea and abdominal cramps or constipation.

281
Q

What is Irritable bowel syndrome, or spastic colon?

A

a common, chronic, noninflammatory condition that is often caused by stress.

282
Q

What is Colorectal cancer?

A

malignancy (usually an adenocarcinoma) of the colon or rectum.

283
Q

What are hemorrhoids?

A

dilated veins that result from direct irritation or from increases in venous pressure that often accompany pregnancy or result from constipation and the subsequent straining required to pass compact, hardened stools.

284
Q

What is proctitis?

A

inflammation of the rectal mucosa, is another common cause of rectal bleeding.

285
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

general term referring to inflammation of the liver.

286
Q

What are characteristics of hepatitis?

A

jaundice (yellowish discoloration of body tissues), liver enlargement, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, gray-white feces, and dark urine.

287
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Hepatitis, chronic alcohol abuse, malnutrition, infection, or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease may lead to a degenerative liver

288
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

inflammation of the pancreas, can be caused by various factors.

289
Q

What is pancreatic cancer?

A

Usually a form of adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer claims the lives of nearly all its patients within 5 years after diagnosis.

Anatomy & Physiology II (1 decks)

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