Chapter 24 GI Flashcards
The organs of the digestive system together perform?
A vital function
What is the vital function the organs of the digestive system perform?
Preparing nutrients for absorption and for use by the millions of body cells
What do the main organs of the digestive system form?
The gastrointestinal tract
What forms the gastrointestinal tract?
Main organs of the digestive system
Where does the gastrointestinal tract extend through?
The abdominopelvic cavity
What extends through the abdominopelvic cavity?
The gastrointestinal tract
What is outside the internal environment of the body?
Ingested food material passing through the lumen of the GI tract
Where is the ingested food material passing through the lumen of the GI tract located?
Outside the internal environment of the body
Most food, when eaten, is in a form that cannot reach the cells, why?
It cannot pass through the intestinal mucosa into the bloodstream
If the food, when eaten, cannot reach the cell when it is in that form could it still be used by the cells?
No
What must be modified in both physical state and chemical composition so that nutrients can be absorbed and used by the body cells?
Food
How must food be changed so that it can by absorbed by nutrients and used by the body cells?
Changed in physical state and chemical composition
What do the main organ of the digestive system form?
A tube that goes all the way through the ventral cavities of the body
What is the tube that is formed by the digestive system usually referred to as?
Alimentary canal, digestive tract, or gut
What is referred to as the alimentary canal, digestive tract, or gut?
The tube formed by the main organs of the digestive system
What is the wall of the GI tract made of?
4 layers
What is made of 4 layers; mucosa submucosa, muscularis, serosa?
Wall of the GI tract
What are the four layers of the GI tract?
Mucosa, Submucosa, muscularis, and serosa
How many layers make up the mucosa?
Three
What has an inner mucosa, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae?
The mucosa of the GI tract
What are the three layers of the mucosa called?
Inner mucosa, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae
What is made of a layer of loose, fibrous connective tissue called?
Lamina propria
What is the lamina propria made of?
A layer of loose, fibrous connective tissue
What is made of a thin layer of muscle?
Muscularis mucosae
What is muscularis mucosae made of?
A layer of smooth muscle
What contains numerous glands, blood vessels, and parasympathetic nerves?
The submucosa
What does the submucosa contain?
Numerous glands, blood vessels, and parasympathetic nerves
What is made of a thick layer of muscle tissue that wraps around the submucosa?
The muscularis
The muscularis is made of what?
A thick layer of muscle tissue that wraps around the submucosa
What is considered the outermost layer of GI tract?
The serosa
What is the serosa made of?
Made up of serous membrane
What is made up of serous membrane?
The serosa
Even though the four tissue layers form the various organs of the GI tract, what happens to through their structure in different regions?
Their structures vary in different regions of the tube throughout its length
The uvula is suspended from the midpoint of the?
posterior boarder of the arch
What is suspended from the midpoint of the the posterior of the arch?
The uvula
Hard palate consists of portions of How many bones?
Four bones: two maxillae and two palatines
What consists of portions of four bones: two maxillae and two palatines
Hard palate
What forms the partition between the mouth and nasopharynx?
Soft palate
What does the soft palate form?
The partition between the mouth and nasopharynx
What is made of muscle arranged in an arch?
Soft palate
What is the soft palate made of?
Muscle arranged in an arch
What does the opening in the arch lead from>
The mouth into the oropharynx
What leads from the mouth into the oropharynx?
An opening in the arch
What is the opening in the arch called?
Fauces
What is referred to as fauces?
An opening in the arch
How many parts does the tongue have?
Three
What are the three parts of the tongue?
Root, tip, and body
What is separated into three parts: root, tip, and body?
The tongue
What is located on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue?
Papillae
Where are papillae located?
On the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue
What anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
The lingual frenulum
What is the lingual frenulum?
An anchor for the tongue to the floor of the mouth
What are the tongues intrinsic muscle important for?
Speech and mastication
What muscles of the tongue are important for speech and mastication?
Intrinsic muscles
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue important for?
Deglutition(swallowing) and speech
What tongue muscles are important for deglutition(swallowing) and speech?
Extrinsic muscles
What is a solid mass of skeletal muscle covered by mucous membrane?
The tongue
The tongue is made of what?
A solid mass of skeletal muscle covered by mucous membrane
What is extremely maneuverable?
The tongue
Where are taste buds located?
Located on the sides of the fungiform papillae
What is located on the sides of the fungiform papillae?
Taste buds
Where are fungiform papillae located?
On the sides and tip of the tongue
What is located on the sides and tip of the tongue?
Fungiform papillae
Foliate papillae are leaflike ridges located?
On the posterior lateral edges of the tongue
What is located on the posterior lateral edges of the tongue?
Foliate papillae
What are characteristics of the foliate papillae?
Leaflike ridges
What are filamentous and threadlike in appearance?
The numerous filiform
The numerous filiform papillae are what in appearance?
Filamentous and threadlike
What has a whitish color and are distributed over the anterior two thirds of the tongue?
Filiform papillae
What does not contain taste buds?
Filiform papillae
How many pairs of compound tubuloaveolar glands are there?
Three
how much Saliva is secreted approximately each day?
I liter of saliva
What is provided for hygiene and comfort of oral tissues?
Additional small buccal glands
What are parotid glands?
Produce watery saliva containing enzymes
What produces watery saliva containing enzymes?
Parotid glands
What are submandibular glands?
Compound glands that contain enzyme and muscus-producing elements
What are compound glands that contain enzyme and mucus-producing elements called?
Submandibular glands
What do sublingual glands produce?
A mucous type of saliva
What produces a mucous type of saliva?
Sublingual glands
What are typical of the accessory glands associated with the digestive system?
The salivary glands
The salivary glands are typical of what?
Of the accessory glands associated with the digestive system
Where are the salivary glands located?
Outside the alimentary canal
What gland is located outside the alimentary canal?
Salivary glands
What convey their exocrine secretions by way of the ducts from the glands into the lumen?
Salivary glands
What do the salivary glands convey?
Their exocrine secretions by way of the duct from the glands into the lumen of the tract
What gland is largest of the paired salivary glands?
The parotid glands
The parotid glands are the largest of?
The paired salivary glands
Where are the parotid glands located?
Between the skin and underlying masseter muscle in front of and below the external ear
What is located between the skin and underlying masseter muscle in front of and below the external ear?
The parotid glands
Where are the submandibular glands located?
Just below the mandibular angle
What is located just below the mandibular angle?
The submandibular glands
What are the smallest of the salivary glands?
The sublingual glands
The sublingual glands are the smallest of?
The salivary glands
Where are the sublingual glands located?
They lie in front of the submandibular glands, under the mucous membrane covering the floor of the mouth
What is lies in front of the submandibular glands, under the mucous membrane covering the floor of the mouth?
The sublingual glands
What are deciduous teeth?
20 baby teeth
What appears early on in life?
Deciduous teeth
What sheds between ages 6 and 13?
Deciduous teeth
When are deciduous teeth shed?
Between ages 6 and 13
How many permanent teeth are there?
32 Teeth
What replaces the deciduous teeth?
Permanent teeth
What teeth are the last to appear?
The third molars or wisdom teeth
When do third molars usually erupt?
Sometime after 17 years of age
What appears after 17 years of age?
Third molars or wisdom teeth
What are teeth in the upper jaw called?
Maxillary teeth
Where are maxillary teeth located?
Maxilla bone of the skull
What are teeth in the lower jaw called?
Mandibular teeth
Where are mandibular teeth anchored in?
The mandible bone
What is the pharynx?
Tube through which a food bolus passes when moved from the mouth to the esophagus by the process of deglutition
What is the tube through which food bolus passes when moved from the mouth to the esophagus by the process of deglutition called?
Pharynx
What does air pass through?
All three divisions of the pharynx
What portion of the pharynx is involved in the digestive system?
Terminal portion
What happens after a bolus passes through the pharynx?
It enters the digestive tube proper, which is the portion of the digestive tract that serves only the digestive system
What varies according to factors such as gender and amount of distant ion?
Size of the stomach
What is the size of the stomach when no food is in it?
The size of a large sausage
What is the capacity of the stomach in an adult?
1 to 1.5 liters
Where is the stomach located?
In the upper part of the abdominal cavity, under the liver and diaphragm
What alters frequently?
The position of the stomach
How often does the stomach alter its position?
Frequently
What is pushed downward with each inspiration and upward with each expiration?
The stomach
What happens to the stomach with each inspiration and expiration?
its pushed downward with each inspiration and upward with each expiration
When it is greatly distended from an unusually larger meal, what does the stomachs size interfere with?
Interferes with descent of the diaphragm on inspiration, thereby producing the familiar feeling of dyspnea that accompanies overeating
What is dyspnea?
Breathing difficulty
What else might happen with overeating?
The stomach also pushes upward against the heart and may give rise to the sensation that the heart is being crowded
How many divisions of the stomach are there?
Four
What are the four divisions of the stomach?
Cardia, Fundus, Body, and pylorus
What is the cardia?
The collarlike region at the junction of the stomach and the esophagus
What is the collarlike region at the junction of the stomach and the esophagus called?
The cardia
What is the fundus?
The enlarged portion the the left and above the opening of the esophagus into the stomach
What is the enlarged portion to the left and above the opening of the esophagus into the stomach called?
The fundus
What is the body of the stomach?
The central portion of the stomach
What is the central portion of the stomach called?
The body
What is the pylorus?
The lower part of the stomach
What is the lower part of the stomach called?
The pylorus
What is the gastric mucosa?
Epithelial lining has rugae marked by gastric pits
What is the epithelial lining that has rugae marked by gastric pits called?
Gastric mucosa
What are gastric glands?
Secrete most of the gastric juice
What secrete most of the gastric juice called?
Gastric glands
What are chief cells?
Secrete the enzymes of the gastric juice
What secretes the enzymes of gastric juice?
Chief cells
What are parietal cells?
Secrete hydrochloric acids
What secretes hydrochloric acid?
Parietal cells
What is thought to produce intrinsic factor needed for vitamin b12 absorption?
Parietal cells
What do parietal cells thought to produce?
Intrinsic factor needed for vitamin b12 absorption
What are endocrine glands?
Secrete gastrin and ghrelin
What secretes gastrin and ghrelin?
Endocrine cells
Where are gastric glands found?
Below the level of the pits, particularly in the fundus and the body of the stomach
Chief cells, parietal cells, and endocrine cells are secretory cells found where?
In the gastric glands
What is found in the gastric glands?
Chief cells, parietal cells, and endocrine cells
What is the gastric muscularis?
Thick layer of muscle with three distinct sub layers of smooth muscle tissue arranged in a crisscrossing patter
How many distinct layers of smooth muscle tissue arranged in a crisscrossing pattern are there in the gastric muscularis?
Three
What is the importance of the crisscrossing pattern?
This pattern allows the stomach to contract strongly at many angles
What does the crisscrossing pattern make efficient?
The mixing action of this organ
What secretes gastric juices in digestion of food?
The stomach
What does the stomach break down?
Breaks food into small particles and mixes them with gastric juice
What does the stomach secrete?
Intrinsic factor
What does the stomach perform?
Limited absorption
What does the stomach produce?
Gastrin and Ghrelin
What does the stomach help protect the body from?
Pathogenic bacteria swallowed with food
The stomach is a reservoir for?
Food until it is partially digested and moved further along the GI tract
What are three examples of tooth decay?
Gingivitis/periodontitis
Leukoplakia
Malocclusion
What is Sjögren syndrome?
an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system targets the salivary and tear glands for destruction.
What is defined as an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system targets the salivary and tear glands for destruction?
Sjögren syndrome
What is mumps?
an acute viral disease characterized by swelling and inflammation of the parotid gland (parotitis).
What is an acute viral disease characterized by swelling and inflammation of the parotid gland (parotitis) called?
Mumps
What is gingivitis?
the general term for inflammation or infection of the gums. Most cases of gingivitis result from poor oral hygiene: inadequate brushing and no flossing.
What is the general term for inflammation or infection of the gums. Most cases of gingivitis result from poor oral hygiene: inadequate brushing and no flossing called?
Gingivitis
What is periodontitis?
inflammation of the periodontal membrane, or periodontal ligament, which anchors the tooth to the bone of the jaw.
What is the inflammation of the periodontal membrane, or periodontal ligament, which anchors the tooth to the bone of the jaw called?
Periodontitis
What is leukoplakia of the mouth?
a precancerous change in the mucous membrane characterized by thickened, white, and slightly raised patches of tissue.
What is a precancerous change in the mucous membrane characterized by thickened, white, and slightly raised patches of tissue called?
Leukoplakia of the mouth
What is Malocclusion of the teeth?
occurs when missing teeth create wide spaces in the dentition, when teeth overlap, or when malposition of one or more teeth prevents correct alignment of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches.
What occurs when missing teeth create wide spaces in the dentition, when teeth overlap, or when malposition of one or more teeth prevents correct alignment of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches called?
Malocclusion of the teeth
What is the Backward flow of stomach acid up into the esophagus causes symptoms of “heartburn,” which typically include burning and pressure behind the breastbone(sternum) called?
GERD
What is GERD short for?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
What is gastroenteritis?
Stomach inflammation(gastritis)
What is intestinal inflammation called?
Gastroenteritis
What is a chronic loss of appetite called?
Anorexia
What is nausea?
an unpleasant feeling that often leads to vomiting.
Emesis is vomiting.
What is plyorospasm?
the pyloric fibers do not relax normally to allow food to leave the stomach; consequently, the infant vomits food instead of digesting and absorbing it.
How many division of the small intestine are there?
Three
What are the three divisions of the small intestine?
Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum
What is duodenum?
Uppermost division; approximately 25 cm long, shaped like the letter C
How much of the small intestine fills the abdominal cavity with coiled loops?
Most of the abdominal cavity
What does the intestinal lining contain?
Pelican with villi
What is Villi?
Important modifications of the mucosal layer
Each villus contains?
an arteriole, a venule, and a lacteal vessel
What contains an arteriole, a venule, and a lacteal vessel?
Each villus
Villi is covered by a brush border made up of 1700 ultrafine?
Microvilli per cell
What do villi and microvilli increase?
The surface area of the small intestine hundreds of times
The small intestine increasing the surfaces makes it what?
The main site of digestion and absorption
What do enteroendocrine cells produce?
Intestinal hormones and are Aldo found in villi
Also present in the small intestine are?
odd-looking tuft cells (brush cells) that have a dense apical tuft of long microvilli
What do tuft cells(brush cells) secrete?
Protaglandins and endorphins
How many divisions of the large intestine are there?
Three
What are the three divisions of the large intestine?
Cecum, Colon, and Rectum
What decreases toward the end of the tube??
The diameter of the large intestine
What is the ascending colon?
Vertical position on the right side of the abdomen
What is the Vertical position on the right side of the abdomen called?
Ascending colon
What is the transverse colon?
Passes horizontally across the abdomen, above the small intestine
What Passes horizontally across the abdomen, above the small intestine called?
Transverse colon
What is the descending colon?
Vertical position on left side of the abdomen
What is the Vertical position on left side of the abdomen called?
Descending colon
What is the sigmoid colon?
Lower part of the curve joins the rectum
What is the Lower part of the curve joins the rectum called?
Sigmoid colon
What is the ileocecal valve?
the ascending colon prevents material from passing from the large intestine into the ileum.
What is the the ascending colon prevents material from passing from the large intestine into the ileum called?
The ileocecal valve
What does the transverse colon extend from?
the hepatic flexure to the splenic flexure.
What is the rectum?
Last 7 or 8 inches of the intestinal tube
What is the terminal inch of the tube called?
Anal canal
What is the anal canal?
The terminal inch of the tube
What is the opening of the rectum called?
Anus
What is the intestinal mucous glands?
they produce lubricating mucus that coats feces as they are formed
What does the wall of the large intestine have?
Intestinal mucous glands and uneven distribution of fibers in the muscle layer
What is the outside of the colon wall?
the serous membrane extension of the peritoneum.
The outside wall is often studded with?
pouchlike extensions filled with fat called epiploic appendages.
What is called the accessory organ of digestive system?
Vermiform appendix
What is the vermiform appendix an accessory to?
The digestive system
What communicates with the cecum?
Vermiform appendix
The vermiform appendix communicates with?
The cecum
What is a reservoirs for beneficial gut bacteria?
Vermiform appendix
What does Maintaining a normal intestinal microbiome helps prevent?
pathogenic bacteria from becoming established.
bacteria hidden away in the appendix can migrate into?
the colon to restore the normal ecological balance.
What is the peritoneum?
Large, continuous sheet of serous membrane
Many organs are covered with?
visceral peritoneum
What does parietal peritoneum line?
the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity
What is mesentery?
Projection of the parietal peritoneum
What is the transverse mesocolon?
Extension of the peritoneum that supports the transverse colon
Extraparietal space is outside the?
parietal layer of the peritoneum.
Retroperitoneal space is the?
extraperitoneal space along the posterior and bottom of the abdominopelvic cavity.
What does mesentery allow?
free movement of each coil of the intestine and helps prevent strangulation of the long tube.
Where is the liver located?
Lies under the diaphragm
How many lobes does the liver have?
Two
What kind of lobules does the liver have?
Hepatic lobules
What lobes does the liver have?
Right and left lobe
What does the left lobe of the liver do?
Form about one sixth of the liver
What does the right lobe do?
Forms about five sixths of the liver
What are the hepatic lobules?
Anatomical units of the liver
What does the liver occupy?
Most of the right hypochondrium and part of the epigastrium
What separates the right and left lobe?
The falciform ligament
What is the right lobe divided into?
Right lobe proper, caudate lobe, and quadrate lobe
What is divided into the right lobe proper, caudate lobe, and quadrate lobe?
The right lobe of the liver
Where does the small branch of the hepatic vein extend through?
The center of each lobule
What forms the right and left hepatic ducts?
Small bile ducts
What immediately joins to form one hepatic duct?
Right and left hepatic ducts
The hepatic duct merges with the cystic duct to form?
The common bile duct, which opens into the duodenum
The liver functions to detoxify?
Liver cells
How much bile does the liver cells secrete?
Liver cells secrete approximately 1 pint of bile per day
What is liver metabolism?
Carries out numerous important steps in metabolizing proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
What does the liver produce?
Production of important plasma proteins
How may toxic substances be changed and where are they changed?
Changed toxic substances that are either ingested for formed in the intestines into nontoxic
Where are bile salts formed?
In the liver from cholesterol
What is the most essential part of the bile?
Bile salts
What does the liver store?
Substances such as iron and some vitamins
Where does the gallbladder lie?
Lies on the undersurface of the liver
How many layers does the gallbladder have?
Three
What are the three layers of the gallbladder?
Serous, muscular, and mucosal
How is the mucosal lining arranged and what does it allow?
Arranged in folds called rugae, which expands to allow the storage of bile
How much can the gallbladder hold?
30 to 50ml of bile
What stores bile?
The gallbladder
What does the gallbladder concentrate?
Bile fivefold to tenfold
What does the bile eject the concentrated bile into?
The duodenum
What is Jaundice?
a yellow discoloration of the skin and mucosa, results when the flow of bile into the duodenum is obstructed.
What are gallstones often made of?
Cholesterol and can form when bile becomes concentrated
What is the grayish pink gland called?
Pancreas
What portions does the pancreas have?
Exocrine and Endocrine
What is the exocrine portion of the pancreas?
Has a compound acinar arrangement; tiny ducts unite to form the main pancreatic duct, which empties into the duodenum
What is the Endocrine portion of the pancreas?
Embedded between exocrine units; called pancreatic islets; made up of alpha cells and beta cells; pass secretions into capillaries
Where does the pancreas run?
From the duodenum, behind the stomach, to the spleen
What is the pancreas composed of?
Endocrine and exocrine glandular tissue
What portion makes up most of the pancreas?
Exocrine portion
How much of the pancreas does the endocrine portion make up?
2% of the total mass of the pancreas
What has acinar units and what do they secrete?
Pancreas and digestive enzymes
What do beta cells secrete?
Insulin
What do Alpha cells secrete?
Glucagon
What is produced so close to where insulin is produced, has an opposite effect on carbohydrate metabolism?
Glucagon
What is Malabsorption syndrome?
general term referring to a group of symptoms resulting from the failure of the small intestine to absorb nutrients properly.
What is diverticulosis?
the presence of abnormal, saclike outpouchings of the intestinal wall called diverticula.
What is diverticulosis characterized by?
pain, tenderness, and fever.
What are symptoms of colitis?
diarrhea and abdominal cramps or constipation.
What is Irritable bowel syndrome, or spastic colon?
a common, chronic, noninflammatory condition that is often caused by stress.
What is Colorectal cancer?
malignancy (usually an adenocarcinoma) of the colon or rectum.
What are hemorrhoids?
dilated veins that result from direct irritation or from increases in venous pressure that often accompany pregnancy or result from constipation and the subsequent straining required to pass compact, hardened stools.
What is proctitis?
inflammation of the rectal mucosa, is another common cause of rectal bleeding.
What is hepatitis?
general term referring to inflammation of the liver.
What are characteristics of hepatitis?
jaundice (yellowish discoloration of body tissues), liver enlargement, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, gray-white feces, and dark urine.
What is cirrhosis?
Hepatitis, chronic alcohol abuse, malnutrition, infection, or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease may lead to a degenerative liver
What is pancreatitis?
inflammation of the pancreas, can be caused by various factors.
What is pancreatic cancer?
Usually a form of adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer claims the lives of nearly all its patients within 5 years after diagnosis.
