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CHEM 431C - Biochemistry III > Chapter 24 - Genes, Genomes, and Chomosomes > Flashcards

Chapter 24 - Genes, Genomes, and Chomosomes Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are some genomes larger than they need to be fr pure protein encoding?

A

(1) Control elements (promoters)
(2) Gene copy number
(3) Duplicated genes
(4) Multigene familes
(5) Pseudogenes
(6) Intervening regions
(7) Repetitive sequence (SINE, LINE, Satellite DNA)

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2
Q

Control elements

A

Promoters, Terminators

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3
Q

Promoters

A

Binding sites for transcription factors that bind to DNA in a sequence-specific manner. Increases or decreases gene activity.

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4
Q

Gene copy number

A

Genes are directly copied. Variable/random. (ABC, ABBBC, AAABC, etc)

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5
Q

Duplicated genes

A

HIGHLY EXPRESSED genes are duplicated.

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6
Q

Multigene families

A

Variants of the same gene that may or may not be coordinately regulated. (All ON at the same time or OFF at the same time)

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7
Q

What does it mean that a group of genes are coordinately regulated?

A

They are all ON at the same time or OFF at the same time.

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8
Q

Pseudogenes

A

A member of a multigene family that lost transcription controls. There is no selective pressure to maintain the sequence.

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9
Q

Intervening regions

A

(Introns) Usually spliced out in eukaryotes

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10
Q

Introns

A

Intervening regions that are not expressed and usually spliced out.

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11
Q

Exons

A

Expressed regions.

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12
Q

Repetitive sequences

A

(1) SINE - short intervening sequences
(2) LINE - long intervening sequences
(3) Satellite DNA - very short tandem repeats

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13
Q

Satellite DNA

A

Very short tandem repeats more AT-rich than the bulk of DNA. Since AT-rich sequences are easier to break, satellite DNA are also common break points.

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14
Q

Why is satellite DNA called satellite DNA?

A

In a Cs-Cl gradient, satellite DNA give rise to “satellite” peaks on either side of the main DNA absorbance peak.

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15
Q

What are some kinds of DNA modification?

A

(1) Covalent modification/restriction
(2) Alteration of DNA (+repair)
(3) Recombination
(4) Amplification of gene copy #
(5) Inter-organism and inter-species DNA transfer

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16
Q

Why is there DNA methylation?

A

(1) Defense against foreign DNA
(2) Control of intiation of DNA replication origin (ORI)
(3) Mismatch DNA repair

17
Q

What are the types of restriction/modification enzymes?

A

Type I, Type II, Type III

18
Q

Type I restriction/modification enzyme

A
  • Restriction endonuclease, methyl transferase, DNA binding specificity all on one complex
  • Restriction site is NOT the same as DNA binding site
  • Cuts many kb away
  • Winds DNA around to cut (takes energy!)
19
Q

Type II restriction/modification enzyme

A
  • Restriction endonuclease and methyltransferase on separate proteins
  • Recognition sequences are PALINDROME (MOM, DAD)
  • Products of different restriction endonucleases –> different kinds of ends
  • Recombinant DNA molecules can be constructed
20
Q

Type III restriction/modification enzyme

A
  • Restriction endonuclease and methyltransferase on same complex
  • Cleavage not at binding site, but closer
  • No ATP requirements
21
Q

Type III restriction/modification enzyme

A
  • Restriction endonuclease and methyltransferase on same complex
  • Cleavage not at binding site, but closer
  • No ATP requirements
22
Q

What type of restriction/modification enzyme gave rise to recombinant DNA technology?

A

Type II

23
Q

Nucleosomes

A

Histones + DNA

24
Q

Histone octamer

A

(H2A, H2B, H3, H4)2 + H1

25
Q

Solenoid

A

Condensed, helical arrays of nucleosome beads

26
Q

Euchromatin

A

Accessible, on “true” chromatin

27
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Not accessable, off, highly condensed chromatin

28
Q

Explain how DNA is compacted in eukaryotes.

A

Histones + DNA –> Histones –> Solenoids –> Looped attachment via MARs to nuclear scaffold/matrix

CHEM 431C - Biochemistry III (6 decks)

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