chapter 24: flowering plants - structure and organization Flashcards
What are meristem cells?
Undifferentiated embryonic tissue in the active growth regions of plants
what are apical meristem?
masses of cells in root & shoot that reproduce & elongate as primary growth occurs
what are the three types of apical meristem?
protoderm, ground, and procambium meristem
what does protoderm meristem give rise to
epidermal tissue
what is epidermal tissue
forms the outer protective covering of the plant
-has specialization
what does ground meristem give rise to
ground tissue
what is ground tissue
fills the interior of the plant
what does procambium meristem give rise to
vascular tissue
what is vascular tissue
transports water and nutrients within the plant and provides support
what is intercalary meristem
In some monocots plants, meristem tissue found at the node (bottom) instead of at the tip
what is vascular cambium
lateral meristem that produces secondary phloem and secondary xylem
increases width of plant
what is cork cambium
lateral meristem that produces cork (wood)
what is the epidermis (epidermal tissue)
tissue that covers roots, leaves, and stems of nonwoody or young woody plants
what is a cuticle (epidermal tissue)
Waxy layer covering epidermis of plants that protects against water loss & disease-causing organisms
what are root hairs (epidermal tissue)
Extension of root epidermal cell increases surface area for absorption of water & minerals; anchor plant to various substrates
what are trichomes (epidermal tissue)
-extension of above-ground epidermal cells
-protect against sun, creates own shade
-protect against animals/humans
what are stomata (epidermal tissue)
-Small openings between two guard cells through which gases pass
-regulate amount of gas and water exchanged from the plant to its environment
what is cork (epidermal tissue)
-outer covering of the bark of trees; made of dead cells that may be sloughed off at maturity
-New cork cells made by cork cambium
what is the periderm (epidermal tissue)
entire cork area of a plant
what is xylem (vascular tissue)
-transports water & minerals from roots to leaves
-works against gravity, water from ground to plant
what is phloem (vascular tissue)
transports sucrose & other organic compounds usually from leaves to roots (can also transports root to leaves)
what are parenchyma cells (ground tissue)
-least specialized
-most abundant
-found in every organ system of plants
-still can divide after cellular differentiation, allowing them to be divide into more specialized cells
-many contain chloroplasts, however some get modified to a colorless plastid for storage
-not densely packed together, things need to be moved between
what are collenchyma cells (ground tissue)
-much thicker cell wall
-much tighter packed and often found in bundles
-provide support, still flexible
-top of stem
what are sclerenchyma cells?
-secondary cell wall, encrusted with lignin, highly resistant to organic substances
-most become nonliving at maturity
-woody plants/cork plants
-found at bases (stem)
what are xylem vessels
-one way only
-water and minerals
-no end walls between cells
-thick walls stiffened with lignin
what are phloem vessels
-two way flow
-water and food (sucrose)
-cells have end walls with perforations
what is included in shoot systems?
stems and leaves
what is included in roots and root systems
-anchor plant, absorb water & minerals, store products of photosynthesis, & produce hormones that stimulate stem growth
-consists of roots
what are terminal buds
where stem elongates & produces new leaves.
what are lateral or axillary buds
may produce new branches or flowers.
what are stems
main axis of a plant & supports leaves & transports water/nutrients throughout plant
what are nodes
point of attachment of a leaf
what are internodes
region between nodes
what are leaves
major photosynthetic organs of plants
what does the variation of organs and organ systems depend on
Depends on number of cotyledons (embroyinc seed leaves)
Monocots one & eudicots two
what are annual plants
plant living only one year or season
-good at seed dispersal
what are perennial plants
Flowering plant that lives more than one growing season because underground parts regrow each season
what are the functions of roots
-Anchors, support, absorbs water & minerals
-Produce hormones that stimulate cell growth
-Store products of photosynthesis
what is the zone of cell division (eudicot root)
High level of mitotic division; primary meristems continuously provide cells to zone of elongation.
what is the zone of elongation (eudicot root)
cells lengthen as they begin to differentiate
what is the zone of maturation (eudicot root)
fully differentiated cells; recognizable by root hairs
what is the epidermis (eudicot root)
outer layer of root consisting of single layer of cells; lacks cuticle
what is the cortex (eudicot)
ground tissue bounded by epidermis & vascular tissue
-parenchyma cells
what is the endodermis (eudicot)
internal plant root tissue forming a boundary between cortex & vascular cylinder
what is the pericycle (eudicot)
outer layer of cells in vascular cylinder
how will these appear in a monocot?
-seed
-root
-stem
-leaf
-flower
-one cotyledon in seed
-root xylem and phloem in a ring
-vascular bundles scattered in stem
-leaf veins form a parallel pattern
-flower parts in threes and multiples of three
how will these appear in a eudicot?
-seed
-root
-stem
-leaf
-flower
-two cotyledons in seed
-root phloem between arms of xylem
-vascular bundles in a distinct ring
-leaf veins form a net pattern
-flower parts in fours or fives and their multiples
how are monocot roots organzied
-Ground tissue of a monocot root pith (parenchyma tissue in the center of some stems & roots) is centrally located & surrounded by vascular ring composed of alternating xylem and phloem bundles
-Pericycle, endodermis, cortex, & epidermis
what is taproot
Main axis of a root that penetrates deeply & is used by certain plants for food storage; mostly eudicots
what is fibrous root
Mass of similarly sized roots that cling to the soil; mostly monocots
how is the terminal bud organized?
-contains shoot tip protected by modified leaves called bud scales
-Apical meristem at shoot tip produces new cells; increase height of stem
-Protected within terminal bud where immature leaves protect it
protoderm produces what
epidermis
ground meristem produces what
pith and cortex
procambium produces what
primary xylem, primary phloem, vascular cambium
characteristics of herbaceous stems
-Exhibit mostly primary growth
-Outermost tissue epidermis covered by cuticle
-Eudicots vascular bundles arranged in ring
-Monocots vascular bundles are scattered throughout stem
characteristics of woody stems
-primary and secondary tissues
-increase width of trunk, stems, branches, and roots
-Primary tissue: new tissues formed each year from primary meristem
-Secondary tissue: develop during first & subsequent year of growth from lateral meristems
-Forms vascular cambium & cork cambium
what is the vascular cambium
-Develops to form ring of meristem that divides parallel surface of plant
-Produces new xylem toward inside & phloem towards outside yearly basis
what is bark
-Cork, cork cambium, cortex, & phloem
-New phloem produced each year; doesn’t build up the same way as xylem
-Cork cambium first begins to divide produces tissue that disrupts epidermis & replaces it with cork cells
what is wood
secondary xylem that builds up year after year
what is the annual ring
layer of wood (secondary xylem) usually produced during one growing season
what is heartwood
inner annual rings plugged with deposits to inhibit growth of bacteria & fungi; support tree
what is sapwood
outer annual rings where transport occurs
what are evergreens
plants that bear leaves the entire year
what are deciduous plants
plants that lose all their leaves at the end of their growing season
what is blade
Wide portion of a foliage leaf is called
what is petiole
stalk that attaches blade to stem
what is mesophyll
Inner, thickest layer of a plant leaf consisting of palisade and spongy mesophyll; site of most photosynthesis
what is palisade mesophyll
layer of tissue in a plant leaf containing elongated cells with many chloroplasts
what is spongy mesophyll
layer of tissue in plant leaf containing loosely packed cells, increasing the amount of surface area for gas exchange
what are some characteristics of leaf diversity
-Blade can be simple or compound
-Arranged on a stem in three ways: alternate, opposite, or whorled
The meristems that arise from the apical meristem include all of the following except
a.
Procambrium
b.
Epidermis
c.
Ground meristem
d.
Protoderm
b.
Epidermis
Vascular tissue that transports organic nutrients and sugars from the leaves to the roots is
a.
Sclerenchyma
b.
Phloem
c.
Periderm
d.
Cambium
e.
Xylem
b.
Phloem
Which of the following statements is not correct about the arrangement of tissues in the eudicot root?
a.
The epidermis of the root has no cuticle on its outer surface, unlike other epidermal tissues
b.
The specialized root tissues are seen at the zone of maturation
c.
The star-shaped phloem is located in the center of the vascular cylinder, with xylem arranged between the arms of phloem
d.
The pericycle is the outer layer of cells in the vascular cylinder, with the ability to form branch roots
c.
The star-shaped phloem is located in the center of the vascular cylinder, with xylem arranged between the arms of phloem
If this structure were nibbled off by browsing deer, it would decrease the potential for an increase in height of the plant.
a.
The terminal bud
b.
The stem
c.
The bark
d.
The axillary bud
e.
The leaf scar
a.
The terminal bud
In large woody plants, the wood is essentially made of _____ and the bark is essentially made of _____
a.
vascular tissue; epidermal tissue
b.
the cortex; the epidermis
c.
pith; collenchyma
d.
xylem; phloem and cork
d.
xylem; phloem and cork
