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Clinical Neuro Microbio > Chapter 24 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Flashcards

0
Q

Septic vs. Aseptic causes

CSF

A

Septic: Bacteria (cloudy csf)
Aseptic: Virus (clear csf)

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1
Q

Septic vs. Aseptic

Meningitis

A

Septic: 200-20000 neuts, high protein >100 mg, low glucose <45

Aseptic: 100-1000 monos, 50-100 mg, normal glucose

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2
Q

How does the host response to Herpes Simplex and Varicella Zoster contribute to bug transmission?

A

Invades drg. Establishes latency, allowing for reactivation and infection via shedding

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3
Q

How does the host response to Rabies contribute to bug transmission?

A

Affects limbic system, causing changes in behavior, more aggressive = more likely to bite-spread

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4
Q

Neisseria Menigitidis

Gram
Morph
Growth
Fermenting
Clinical Present
Virulence
A 
Gram negative
Diplococcus
Choclate blood agar, thayer-martin
Maltose positive
Petechiae rash
POICE
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5
Q

Haemophilus Meningitidis (influenzae)

Gram
Morph
Growth
Virulence

A

Gram negative
Coccobacillus
Chocolate agar
POICE

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6
Q

Strep pneumo

Gram
Hemo
Morph
Virulence
Vaccine
Populations
A 
Gram positive
A
Coccus
CI
Pneumovax
Sickle/head trauma/splenectomy
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7
Q

E Coli

Gram
Morph
Virulence
Pops

A

Gram negative
Anaerobic rods
Adhesins, exotoxins
Newborn, 1-12 weeks

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8
Q

Group B Strep

Gram
Morph
Virulence

A

Gram positive
Cocci in chains
Capsule
Same pop/clin as e coli

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9
Q

Listeria Monocytogenes

Gram
Morph
Hemo
Growth
Virulence
Pop
A 
Gram positive
Coccbacillus
Weak B
Facultative intracellular
Immunocompromised
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10
Q

Mycobacterium TB

Gram
Morph
Virulence
Pops
Clin
A 
Weak gram positive
Acid fast aerobic rods
Lipid cell wall (disenfectant resistant)
0-4 years
Infection elsewhere, miliary TB
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11
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

Morph
Preparations
Virulence
Pops

A

Spherical/oval
Indian ink-stained CSF
Polysacc capsule
Immunosuppressed

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12
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus

Characteristics
Pop
Transmission

A 
dsDNA
Enveloped
Icosahedral
Replicate in nucleus
Neonates
Saliva, fluids
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13
Q

Mumps

Characteristics
Transmission
Clin

A 
ssRNA
Enveloped
-sense
Replicate in cytoplasm
Transmitted via respiratory drops
Parotitis, aseptic meningitis
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14
Q

Lymphocytic Chorieningitis

Characteristics
Pops
Transmission

A 
ssRNA
Enveloped
-sense
Replicates in cytoplasm
Immunocompromised
Transmission urine of mice/hamsters
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15
Q

Enterovirus (coxsackievirus, echovirus, poliovirus)

Characteristics
Pops
Transmission
Clins

A 
ssRNA
\+sense
Naked
Icosahedra
Replicates in cytoplasm
Under 5 years
Coxsackievirus: respiratory drops
Echo/polio: fecal-oral
Paralysis
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16
Q

Rabies

Characteristics
Transmission
Clin

A

ssRNA, -sense, enveloped, Bullet-shaped, replicates in cytoplasm
Bite from dog, cat, skunk, raccoon, bat
Seizures, paralysis, incubation period

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17
Q

Japanese encephalitis

Characteristics
Pops
Transmission
Clin

A

ssRNA, +sense, spherical, replicates in cytoplasm
SE asia
Mosquito-borne
50% mortality

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18
Q

Eastern/Western equine encephalitis

Characteristics
Pops
Transmission

A

ssRNA, +sense, enveloped, spherical, replicates in cytoplasm
E/W US
Mosquito-borne

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19
Q

Louping lll

Characteristics
Pops
Transmission

A

ssRNA, +sense, enveloped, replicates in cytoplasm
Scotland
Tick-borne

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20
Q

HIV

Characteristics
Transmission
Clins

A

ds/ssRNA, +sense, enveloped, replicates in cytoplasm
Transmits via blood, sex fluids
Encephalitis/dementia, inc cells in csf, macrophage and microglia damage

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21
Q

Maternal exposure to listeria monocytogenes can cause:

A

Neonatal septicemia
Pneumonia (w/ abscess or granuloma)
Abortion or premature delivery

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22
Q

Early vs late onset Strep agalactiae

A

Less than 1 week vs 1-12 weeks
Preterm, prolonged labor, complications seen in early
Early: bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis
Late: mainly meningitis

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23
Q

At risk population for cryptococcus neoformans and c neoformans variant gattii meningitis?

A

C neoformans: immunocompromised

C neoformans variant gattii: occurs in immunocompetent

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24
When is India ink stain used?
Identifies cryptococcus | Polysaccharide capsule excludes ink
25
Meningitis-causing bacteria
``` Neisseria meninigitidis Haemophilus influenzae Streptococcus pneumonia E. coli + Group B strep Listeria monocytogenes Mycobacterium TB ```
26
Meningitis-causing fungi
Cryptococcus neoformans | Coccidiosis immitis
27
Meningitis-causing viruses
``` Herpes simplex Mumps Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Enteroviruses Japanese encephalitis Eastern/western equine encephalitis Louping Ill HIV ```
28
Meninigitis-causing parasites
Naegleria fowleri | Acanthamoeba
31
Encephalitis-causing viruses (sporadic)
Herpes simplex Mumps Varicella-zoster (rare complication of ophthalmic zoster) Cytomegalovirus (in utero, immunosuppressed) Louping lll (tick) HIV
32
Encephalitis-causing viruses (outbreaks) | How acquired?
Polio (enteroviruses) | E/W equine, St louis, japanese, californian encephalitis (mosquitoes)
33
Encephalitis-causing viruses (slow)
Rubella (in utero or sspe) Measles JC virus (immunocompromised)
34
Scrapie group causing encephalitis: Prions
Creuztfeld-Jakob and kuru have 20 year incubation | Spongiform encephalopathy
35
Encephalitis-causing protozoa and fungi
Toxoplasma gondii Cryptococcus neoformans Plasmodium falciparum (cerebral malaria) Typanosome (africa sleep sickness)
36
Encephalitis-causing bacteria
Treponema pallidum Mycoplasma pneumonia Borrelia burgdoferi
37
HSV in neonates
HSV-2 from mother shedding during delivery
38
Primary amebic meningoencephalitis
Caused by Naegleria Found in stagnant water Affects immunocompetent
39
Granulomatous amebic encephalitis
Caused by Acanthamoeba | Affects immunocompromised
40
HSV encephalitis in children/adults
HSV-1 reactivated in trigeminal ganglia, passed back to temporal lobe
41
Poliovirus
Fecal-oral (maybe oral-oral) Eventual paralysis 3 types preventable with vaccination
42
Nipah virus Transmission, reservoir
Aerosol transmission pig to human Island flying fox is a reservoir Encephalitis (paramoxyvirus)
43
Rabies
``` Rhabdovirus Bullet shape ssRNA Saliva of animals Transmission via bites Causes cardiac/respiratory arrest Diagnosed with immunofluorescence or pcr Negri bodies ```
44
Togavirus vectors and transmission
E equine enceph (aedes, culiesta mosqs) W equine enceph (culex, culiesta mosqs) Japan, west nile, st louis enceph (culex mosqs) Russian enceph (ixodes, dermacentor ticks)
45
West nile virus reservoirs
Birds and mosquitoes | humans and horses are incidental
46
West nile at risk pops
Blood transfusions Organ transplants Standing water, drainage ditches
47
HIV | clinical disease, pathogenesis
Invades cns Dementia; shrunken brain enlarged vents Subacute encephalitis Infects macrophages and microglia
48
JC virus
Polyomavirus Invades oligodendrocytes Immunodeficient peeps (aids) Leads to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml)
49
Viral myelopathy Clinical symptoms, viral agents
Myelitis; inflammation of spinal cord Motor/sensory loss HTLV-1 (with TSP), HSV, CMV, EBV, VZV, HIV-1
50
Post-vaccinal and post viral encephalitis | Causative agents
Measles, rubella, varicella, mycoplasma
51
Prion infections
Scrapie (sheep and goats): spongiform encephalopathy CJ: BSE infected beef Kuru: cannibalism, decades of incubation
52
Prion diseases Pathogenesis, transmission, diagnosis
Lack nucleic genome Intraspecies transmission Creates more stable isoform of protein, resistant to proteolysis No effective treatment
53
Toxoplasmosis Clinical, transmission, laboratory, agent
Damage to eye, hydrocephalus, intracerebral calc Congenitally acquired Serologic profile (tsp), sabin-feldman test IgG, Elisa, diff agglutination Toxoplasma gondii
54
Cerebral malaria Clinical, transmission, diagnosis, agent
Fever, convulsions, death Mosquitoes Blood film Plasmodium falciparum
55
Toxocara infection Clinical, transmission, diagnosis, agent
Granulomas around larvae in brain, convulsions, eye tumor, blindness Eggs ingested from pet feces Elisa, antibody detection Toxocara cati, canis
56
Hyatid cyst disease Clinical, transmission, diagnosis, agent
Nausea, vomitting, seizures, mental status Ingested eggs from dogs Serum antibody to hyatid antigens Echinococcus granulosus
57
Cysticerosis Clinical, transmission, diagnosis, agents
Hyrdocephalus, convulsions, meningitis, hyperreflexia, visual deficits Eggs in human feces ingested by pigs, form cyst in pig, eaten by humans Detected by serum antibody or csf, mri Taenia solium
58
Clostridium tetani Clinical, transmission, moa
Hyperreflxia, muscle spasms, respiratory failure, tachycardia Incubates 3-21 days Spores from feces of domesticated animals enter wound Blocks release of inhibitory mediators
59
Clostridium Botulinum Clinical, transmission, moa
Descending weakness/paralysis. Floppy baby Incubate 2-72 hours Unsterilized canned or preserved food Blocks release of acetylcholine
60
Strep pneumo ``` Gram/morph Lab Pop Transmission Notes Treatment ```
+, diplococci A, bac resistant Meningitis in ped/old, sinus/otitis in old Respiratory drops (capsule, iga protease, pneumolysin) Rusty sputum, bateremia, endocarditis Ceftriaxone + ampicillin, vanco + ceftriaxone
61
Neisseria meningitis ``` Gram/morph Lab Pop Transmission Notes Treatment ```
``` -, kidney bean diplococci Thayer martin, maltose/glucose Army, freshmen, infants Resp drops (iga protease, pili, capsule, endotoxin los) Csf pmns, petechial rash, dic, sepsis Ceftriaxone, rifampin for close contact ```
62
Haemophilus influenzae ``` Gram/morph Lab Pop Transmission Notes Treatment ```
``` -, rod Factor V, D, Choc agar Peds Resp drops (capsule B) Meninigitis, pneumonia, sepsis Ceftriaxone ```
63
Strep agalactiae ``` Gram/morph Lab Pop Transmission Notes Treatment ```
``` +, cocci B hemo, bac resistant Meningitis in neonates, uti in pregs Birthing (capsule, c5a peptidase) Sepsis, bacteremia, pneumonia Penicillin G or ampicillin ```
64
E coli k1 ``` Gram/morph Lab Pop Transmission Notes Treatment ```
-, rods, pmns in stool Ox -, lactose, indole + capsule, polysaccharide, flagellar p-pili Fecal contamination of water Uti, septicemia, neonate meningitis, gastroenteritis Ceftriaxone
65
Listeria monocytogenes ``` Gram/morph Lab Pop Transmission Notes Treatment ```
``` +, rod Cat +, b hemo, tumbling, 4' Babies, crosses bbb placental barrier Feces food (listeriolysin O lyses phag) Meningitis, bacteremia, endocarditis, granulomatis infantseptica Ampicillin, gentamicin ```
66
Conjuctivitis-causing viruses
``` Adenovirus Measles Herpes simplex Varicella-zoster Enterovirus, coxsackivirus ```
67
Conjunctivitis-causing bacteria
``` Chlamydia trachomatis Neisseria gonnorheae Staph aureus Strep pneumo Haemophilus influenzae ```
68
Chlamydia trachomatis | Adult/Neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis
Adult: mucopurulent discharge, dermatitis, corneal infiltrates, corneal vascularization. Preceded by genital infection. 18-30 Neonate: Mucopurulent discharge. Infected birth canal, infected mother
69
Haemophilus aegyptius | Bacterial conjunctivitis
Acute purulent conjunctivitis. Epidemics. Warm months
70
Adenovirus
MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CONJ Pharynconjunctival fever Follicular conj (pebbled, nodular mucosa) Sporadic or outbreaks
71
Enterovirus 70, coxsackievirus a24
Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
72
Blepharitis (eyelid infection) Etiology, clinical
Eti: Staph aureus Red, irritated, swollen, scaly, burn/itch
73
Stye (eyelid oil gland/follicle) Etiology, clinical
Eti: staph aureus Red, swollen, tender gland/follicle
74
What serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis are involved in trachoma? Acquisition?
A, B, Ba, C | Contaminated flies, fingers, towels
75
Trachoma Path, dx, tx
Abundant flies, conj to conj Dx: conj fluid Tx: topical or oral antibiotics
76
Acanthamoeba Clinical, transmission
Corneal ulceration | Multiplies in unchanged lens cleaning fluids
77
Herpes simplex Clincal, path
Keratitis w/ dendritic ulcers, corneal scarring, loss of sight Invades eye via ophthalmic division of trigeminal
78
Adenovirus Characteristics, clinical, transmission
Linear dsDNA, nonenveloped icosadeltahedral capsid Resp drops, fecal oral (swimming pools) Pharynconj fev: flu, myalgia, headache. 5-18 Conj: follicular. Public pools
79
Pathogens causing deeper eye infections (transmission, pops)
Rubella (utero) CMV (utero, aids) P aeruginosa (trauma) Toxoplasma gondii (utero) Echinococcus granulosus hyatid (eggs via dogs) Toxocara canis (eggs via dogs) Onchocerca volvulus (larva via simulium flies)
80
Most common cause of retinitis in aids
CMF
81
Congenital ocular toxoplasmosis Acquisition, pathogenesis, clinical
T gondii swallowed oocysts from cats (can affect fetus via placenta) Cysts form in retina, continuous proliferation, lesions, choroid - blind 1 or 2 eyes
82
Toxocara canis Acquisition, progression, clinical
Nematode occurs naturally in dog intestine, ingested eggs Enters eye/cns triggers eosinophilic inflammatory response Post uveitis, retinal granuloma, traction bands retinal detachment
83
African river blindness Vector, path, clinical
Onchocerca volvulus transmitted by simulium flies Microfilariae induce inflammatory reactions in skin Keratitis (punctuate, sclerosing) Iridocyclitis Chorioretinitis Optic atrophy
84
African eye worm (loa loa) Transmission, area, clinical
Chrysops (deer) flies Africa 1 year after bite: calabar swellings (worms migrate to conj, eyelid edema, worm visible, sight retained
85
Fusarium keratitis Transmission, clinical, dx
Ocular trauma, use of Bausch and Lomb Renu with Moisture Loc Corneal infection/damage Dx: positive fusarium culture from cornea

Clinical Neuro Microbio (1 decks)

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