Chapter 24 Flashcards
What are the three main groups of primary producers in the oceans?
Diatoms, dinoflagellates, and Cyanobacteria
How do latitude, depth, and the seasons affect primary productivity?
Primary productivity is dependent on sunlight and nutrients, but these factors vary according to yearly seasonal changes in the environment.
-latitudinally -> tropic, temperate, polar
-vertically w/ depth -> thermocline or no?
-seasonally -> winter, spring, summer, fall
Describe and graph the patterns of primary productivity through the seasons in the temperate, polar and tropical regions?
Temperate -> has two blooms in spring(larger) and fall(smaller) of primary productivity, no productivity in summer and winter
Polar -> has one peak in summer of primary productivity, no productivity in spring fall and winter
Polar -> has no peaks in any season of primary productivity
How many phytoplankton blooms do each of these regions have?
Temperate -> two phytoplankton blooms in spring and fall
Polar -> one phytoplankton bloom in summer
Tropical -> no phytoplankton blooms
How do light and nutrient levels change through the seasons in each of these regions?
Temperate -> winter -> light is limited but abundant nutrients. Spring -> light is increased and nutrients available from winter mixing. Summer -> maximum light levels but nutrient depletion in upper layers. Fall -> decreasing light but still plenty of it and an increasing availability of nutrients.
Polar -> light is limited, have some light in spring but not enough, 24hr light in summer. Plenty of nutrients bc of no thermocline
Tropical -> abundant light which means there is a lot of heat which creates a thermocline so nutrients is limited
When does the water column become stratified in each of these regions and how does it affect primary productivity?
Temperate -> Winter -> no thermocline = no stratified column, but not enough light for primary productivity to occur. Spring -> there is still no stratified column, but increasing in light which allows for primary productivity to occur. Summer -> there is a complete thermal stratified column in summer which causes a depletion in nutrients not allowing for primary productivity. Fall -> thermal stratification has decreased allowing for nutrients to mix throughout water, primary productivity occurs
Polar -> there is no thermocline in any season in the polar region so there is no stratified column, but sunlight isn’t available until the summer season which is the only time primary productivity occurs
Tropical -> there is a thermocline throughout all the seasons in the tropical region which blocks nutrients mixing causing no primary productivity to occur in any season
Identify ways in which organisms in the oceans can improve flotation.
Increase surface to volume ratio, small, long projections, flat/ parachute-like shape, formation of chains, lipid (oil) droplets, gas floats (pneumatophore).
What is the swimbladder and what is its function?
Swimbladder evolved from lungs -> notified for floating instead of breathing
-minimize energy used to ram in at a certain depth
Understand the differences between physostomous and physoclistous swimbladder.
physostomous swimbladder
-connected to gut
-ancestral (evolved first)
-must come to surface for air
-can deflate quickly (b/c connected to gut) :)
-found in shallow living species
physoclistous swimbladder
-not connect to gut
-derived (evolved later on)
-does not need to come to the surface to deflate
-cannot deflate quickly :(
-faces in swimbladder come from blood (secrete through gas gland) but it takes more time
-oval gland absorbs gas and puts it back into blood but also takes time
How are each of these swimbladders inflated?
physostomous
-deflates quickly bc it is connected to the gut
physoclistous
-deflates not quickly, uses oval gland to absorb gas and into blood to deflate
Identify other things that can help with floating?
-Lungs + accessory air sacs
-low density compounds (oil/ fats)-> squalene, blubber, etc
-cartilaginous skeleton (not as heavy as bone)
-hydrofoils -> pectoral fins (work like wings, providing life) & heterocercal caudal fin (one lobe is larger than the other) in sharks
What is squalene?
An oil
Where is squalene found and what is its function?
Found in the liver of sharks, its function is to help with floating.
Know the differences between white and red muscle and what each of these is primarily used for?
Red muscle
-large density of capillaries (blood vessels)
-high concentration of myoglobin (protein store O2)
-requires good oxygenation (aerobic metabolism of fat *constant moving) fishes are constantly swimming
-used for long sustained swimming
-red muscle is in the middle so it is insulated around white muscle to keep warm
White muscle
-lower densities of capillaries
-low concentration of myoglobin
-does not require good oxygenation
-short burst of speed (anaerobic metabolism of glycogen *accelerate) to catch something (food)
What is myoglobin?
It’s a protein that stores O2
