Chapter 23 Study guide

Question 1

Respiratory system functions

Answer 1

blood gas exchange with air

vocalization

sense of smell

regulates blood pH

psi gradients that aid in air flow of lymph and blood expelling abdominal gases

produces a hormone that regulates blood psi

Question 2

respiratory system principle organs

Answer 2

nose

pharynx

larynx

trachea

bronchi

lungs

Question 3

conducting division

Answer 3

serves only for airflow

Question 4

respiratory division

Answer 4

serves as the gas exchange protion

respiratory bronchioles

alveoli

Question 5

upper tract

Answer 5

organs of the head and neck

from the nose to the larynx

Question 6

lower tract

Answer 6

organs of the thorax

trachea

bronchi

lungs

Question 7

O2 & CO2

cellular respiration

Answer 7

O2 is reguired to produce ATP (energy) and the waste product is CO2

Question 8

upper tract airflow

Answer 8

nose

nasal caivty

nasopharynx

oropharynx

laryngopharynx

larynx

Question 9

Nose

Answer 9

only external visible part of the system

air enters through external nostrils (nares)

interior nasal cavity divided by nasal septum (vomer, ethmoid and cartilage)

Question 10

Anatomy of nasal cavity

Answer 10

olfactory receptors are located on the superior surface

lined with respiratory mucosa to moisten air and trap foreign particles

lateral walls have projections called conchae to increase surface area and air turbulence in nasal cavity

separated from oral cavity by the palate

anterior hard palate-bone, posterior soft palate-muscle

Question 11

Paranasal SInuses

Answer 11

air filled cavities with bones surrounding the nasal cavity

located in skull

Question 12

sinuses function

Answer 12

lighten the skull

resonance chambers for speech

produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity

Question 13

Pharynx (throat)

Answer 13

muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx

three regions

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Question 14

Nasopharynx

Answer 14

superior region behind the nasal cavity

Question 15

Oropharynx

Answer 15

middle region behind the oral cavity

Question 16

Laryngopharynx

Answer 16

inferior region attached to the larynx

Question 17

Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

Answer 17

common passagways for food and air

Question 18

Larynx

Answer 18

formed by 8 rigid hyaline cartilages and a flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)

Plays role in speech “voice box”

Question 19

Epiglottis

Answer 19

protects the superior opening of larynx

routes food to the esophogus and air toward the treachea

when swallowing it rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx

Question 20

Voice box

Answer 20

true vocal cords:

vocal folds, lower folds, vibrate with expelled air to create sound (vocalization)

false vocal cords:

vestibular folds, upper cords

Question 21

lower tract airflow

Answer 21

treachea

bronchial tree

lungs

Question 22

Treachea (windpipe)

Answer 22

4” tube that connects larynx with bronchi

walls are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage

lined with psuedo stratified cilinated columnar epithelium

cilia beat continuously toward pharynx, remove dust and other debris from lungs

Question 23

Bronchial tree

Answer 23

Primary Bronchi

Secondary Bronchi

Tertiary bronchi

Bronchioles

Terminal bronchioles

Respiratory bronchioles

Alveolar ducts

Alveolar sacs

Alveoi

Question 24

Alveoi

Answer 24

microscopic air sacs

simple squamous epithelium

permits rapid gas exchange

Question 25

Lungs

Answer 25

soft spongy cone shaped organs

Apex near clavicle (superior portion)

base rests on diaphragm (inferior portion)

divided into lobes by fissures

Left Lung 2 lobes

Right lung 3 lobes

Question 26

Respiratory Membrane

Answer 26

pulmonary capillaries cover external surfaces of alveoli

O2 and CO2 must cross when moving between alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries

three layers:

simple squamous epithelium (alveolar wall)

fused basement membrane

capillary epithelium

Air on one side, blood on the other

Question 27

pleurae structure/function

Answer 27

visceral pleura: serous membrane covering lung

parietal pluera lining the inside of rib cage

reduce friction during breathing, contribute to pressure gradient that moves air in and out of lungs

help compartmentalize the thoracic cavity

Question 28

muscles involved in lung ventilation

Answer 28

diaphragm

internal intercostals

external intercostals

neck, thoracic and abdominal muscles contribute to deep breathing

Question 29

diaphragm function

Answer 29

contracts to inhale

relaxes to exhale

Question 30

external intercostals

Answer 30

elevate ribs during quiet inspiration

relax during expiration

Question 31

respiratory center in brainstem

Answer 31

medulla oblongata

pons

Question 32

medulla oblongata role

Answer 32

ventral respiratory group

dorsal respiratory group

Question 33

ventral respiratory group

Answer 33

primary pacemaker of respiratory rhythm

Question 34

dorsal respiratory group

Answer 34

integrating center

receives input from pons, chemoreceptors in medulla and arteries, stretch and irritant receptors in lungs

acts on VRG to mudulate rhythm

Question 35

Pons role in respiration

Answer 35

pontine respiratory group

receives input from higher brain centers and issues output to VRG and DRG

modifies in relation to sleep, emotional excitement, speech and other conditions

Question 36

chemorecptors

Answer 36

central

peripheral

monitor pH of CSF

pH, O2 and CO2 levels in blood

Question 37

central chemoreceptors

Answer 37

in brainstem

Question 38

peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 38

in aorta and carotid arteries