chapter 23: Preventing Infection

Question 1

what is infection?

Answer 1

Infection is a serious safety and health hazard

Question 2

what should health care team do to prevent the spread (lay lan) of infection?

Answer 2

health care team should follow infection control

Infection control is practices and procedures that protect clients, residents, visitors, and staff from infection

Question 3

what is A micro- organism (microbe)

Answer 3

A micro- organism (microbe) is form of life (small living plant or animal) seen only with microscope

Question 4

where will you find Microbes?

Answer 4

microbes are everywhere

Question 5

what is pathogens?

Answer 5

pathogens is microbes that are harmful and can cause infections

Question 6

what is Non-pathogens?

Answer 6

Non-pathogens are microbes that do not usually cause an infection.

Question 7

how many types of microbes that cause the greatest risk of infection? what are they?

Answer 7

there are 4 types of microbes:

• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Fungi
• Parasites

Question 8

what is bacteria?

Answer 8

Bacteria (often called germs)

• is single-celled microbes
• the number of bacteria can increase very quickly
• In hard condition, it can be in a deep sleep (nonactive) to live (this called ENDOSPORE, for example: Bacillus and Clostridium species) —> hard to kill.

=> infections caused by bacteria are usually treated by ANTIBIOTICS

Question 9

Examples of bacteria?

Answer 9

Salmonella enteritidis
Helicobacter pylori
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus aureus

Question 10

What is viruses?

Answer 10

Virus
-is an infectious particle (hat truyen nhiem)
-smaller than bacteria
- infect living cells to grow and multiply (sinh soi)
- can KILL host cell (lytic cycle) or incorporate into host cell’s DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- CAN NOT kill by antibiotic
- ANTIVIRAL MEDICATION can kill SPECIFIC viruses
- some can PREVENTED
by VACCINATION

Question 11

example of viruses?

Answer 11

Chicken pox
hepatitis A B C
Simplex
Influenza

Question 12

What is Fungi?

Answer 12

Fungi

• microbes live only on organic matter (plants and animals)
• common in yeast (men) or moulds (dat’ xop’)
• infect the mouth, vagina, skin, feet…
• can cause life-threatening infections (nhiem trung de doa tinh mang)

Question 13

example of fungi

Answer 13

athlete's foot
ringworm
scalp fungus
candida (in mouth)
intestine
vagina

Question 14

What is Parasites?

Answer 14

Parasite

• derive nourishment (take nutrients)
• can transmit between animals and human, host to host,
• common in developing country

Question 15

Example of Parasites

Answer 15

lice chấy
mites (ve)
pinworms (giun kim)
Giardia
Trichomonas

Question 16

What is seasonable conditions of 4 types of microbes to live?

Answer 16

• Environment: reservoir (host)
• condition: warm, dark, water, oxygen, nourishment (food)
• grow best at body temperature

–> destroy: heat, light

Question 17

Normal flora

Answer 17

Normal flora

• non-pathogens when in or on a natural reservoir
• when it transit from natural site to another site or host —> become PATHOGENS

Question 18

what is MROs stand for?

Answer 18

MROs: Multidrug-resistant organisms (sinh vat khang thuoc)

—»» Microbes that can resist the effects of antibiotics

Question 19

Cause of MROs

Answer 19

• over-prescribing (kê đơn quá mức)

- not taking antibiotics for the length of time prescribed

Question 20

Two common types of MROs are resistant (chống lại) to many antibiotics

Answer 20

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)

Question 21

HAI stand for, what is this

Answer 21

Health care-associated infection
HAI is infection that develop from equipment or health providers to clients in home care or community settings
- also called nosocomial infection
- caused by:
Normal flora
Microbes transmitted to the client from another source

Question 22

Common HAI infections

Answer 22

Urinary tract infections đường tiết liệu)
Respiratory system hô hấp(colds, pneumonia, bronchitis, flu)
Gastrointestinal system (nausea, diarrhea) tiêu hóa
Skin (wound or IV site infections)

Question 23

HAIs are prevented by

Answer 23

Medical asepsis (vô trùng) , including hand hygiene
Isolation precautions (cách ly)
surgical asepsis

Question 24

Sterilization # Contamination ???

Answer 24

Sterilization is the process of destroying all microbes

Contamination is the process (items) of becoming unclean

Question 25

Chain of infection

Answer 25

``` pathogen reservoir (environment) portal of exit (pathogen leave host) mode of transmission (how travel from host to host) portal of entry (pathogen enter host) Susceptible host (at risk of infection) ```

Question 26

mode of transmission (how travel from host to host)

Answer 26

``` direct contact: skin to skin indirect contact : touch contaminated objects droplet: short distance <1m airbone: long distance >1m vehicle: from food, water, blood.... vectorborne: mosquitoes, mices.... ```

Question 27

How can PSW’s break the chain of infection?

Answer 27

``` take care yourself (immune system strong) keep body clean daily hand hygiene follow the rule of wearing gloves avoid touch your body's parts cough or sneeze by arm (not hand) don't work if you fever focus on home care use PPE ```

Question 28

when do we practice hand hygiene?

Answer 28

immediately before and after giving care (4 moments) - before touching a patient - before cleaning procedue - after body fluid exposure risk (nguy cơ phơi nhiễm) - after touch patient surrouding (at least 15-20s)

Question 29

what is hand hygiene?

Answer 29

- handwashing - with soap and running water - apply waterless and alcohol based hand rubs

Question 30

what is the easiest and most important way to prevent the spread of infection?

Answer 30

Hand hygiene

Question 31

to reusable items, there are 3 level of decontamination:

Answer 31

- leaning: reduce microbes present and remove organic matter - disinfection: Process of destroying pathogens. Spores are not destroyed. - sterilization: Destroys all non-pathogens and pathogens, including spores, use Very high temperatures

Question 32

Isolation Precautions

Answer 32

Isolation Precautions are guidelines to prevent the spread of communicable diseases (contagious diseases)

Question 33

isolation precaution have 2 types. What is this?

Answer 33

Standard practices | Transmission based practices

Question 34

Standard practices

Answer 34

- called routine practices or standard precaution - use when caring for all clients in all setting ``` -->> standard hand hygiene gloves masks and eye protection gowns care of equitment environmental control linen occupational health and blood-borne pathogens client placement ```