Chapter 229: Heart Failure - Diagnosis and Management

Question 1

What are the typical signs of inadequate cardiac output?

Answer 1

1. Exercise intolerance
2. Syncope
3. Pallor
4. Cool extremities
5. Manifestations of hypotension e.g. lethargy, hypothermic and depression

Question 2

What are the typical signs of congestive heart failure?

Answer 2

Typically occur due to venous congestion including:
1. Tachypnoea
2. Dyspnoea
3. Abdominal distension
4. Rarely subcutaneous oedema