Chapter 22: Urbanization and sustainability

Question 1

Urbanization

Answer 1

Making and growing (sub)urban areas

Question 2

Urban Growth

Answer 2

How fast urban populations are increasing

Question 3

How do cities growth?

Answer 3

1. Natural increase (more birth than death)
2. Migration (often from rural areas)

Question 4

Why do people move to the city? (6 reasons)

Answer 4

1. Jobs
2. Food
3. Places to live
4. Education
5. Better health care
6. Entertainment

Question 5

Why do people leave rural areas? (6 reasons)

Answer 5

1. Famine
2. Loss of land for growing food
3. War
4. Religion
5. Racial conflicts
6. Political conflicts

Question 6

3 major trends in urbanization

Answer 6

1. More people are living in the city, this will likely continue
2. The number and size of the area of cities are going up
3. Poverty is becoming more common in cities, especially in less developed countries

Question 7

Urban Sprawl

Answer 7

Spreading out of a city to rural areas

Question 8

Effect of Urban Sprawl (4 effects)

Answer 8

1. Damage to land and biodiversity
2. Water issues like pollution and flooding
3. More energy use and waste –> Increased emissions of CO2
4. Decline of downtown areas and more unemployment in central cities

Question 9

4 pros of urbanisation

Answer 9

1. Economic development and innovation
2. Longer lifespans and lower infant mortality
3. Better acces to medical care, education, and services
4. Environmental benefits like recycling, people drive less

Question 10

6 cons of urbanisation

Answer 10

1. Large Ecological Footprints: High resource use
2. Lack of Vegetation: Most cities remove them –> don’t benefit from ecosystem services provided
3. Water Problems: Increased demand, flooding risks, and destruction of wetlands
4. Pollution and Health Problems: More air and water pollution, waste, and spread of diseases
5. Noise Pollution: Harmful, unwanted sounds that can cause stress and health issues
6. Local Climate Effects and Light Pollution: Local climate changes and light pollution affecting wildlife

Question 11

Compact City Living

Answer 11

People often walk, bike or use public transport

Question 12

Dispersed City Living

Answer 12

People rely on motor vehicles

Question 13

Pros cars

Answer 13

Mobility and economic support

Question 14

Cons cars

Answer 14

Accidents, pollution, and traffic

Question 15

How to reduce car use (3 solutions)

Answer 15

1. Full-cost pricing
2. Educating about hidden costs
3. Raising parking fees and charging tolls

Question 16

Land-Use Planning

Answer 16

Deciding the best current and future uses for land parcels

Question 17

Zoning

Answer 17

Designating land for specific uses, like residential or commercial

Question 18

Smart Growth

Answer 18

Policies for more sustainable urban development with less car dependence

Question 19

2 ways to preserve open space

Answer 19

1. Creating boundaries around cities
2. Establishing greenbelts for recreation and sustainable use

Question 20

Cluster Development

Answer 20

Building housing in parts of a tract and leaving the rest as open space

Question 21

New Urbanism (6 things)

Answer 21

1. Walkable and bike-friendly neighborhoods
2. Mixed-use and economic and cultural diversity
3. Quality urban design (emphasize on green space)
4. A sense of community
5. Environmental sustainability
6. Smart transportation

Question 22

3 strategies for Eco-Villages/Cities

Answer 22

1. Electricity from solar cells, small wind turbines and small hydropower systems
2. Energy efficient houses, green roofs
3. Organic farming plots