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Summer Test 1 > Chapter 22 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Calcitonin

A

Thyroid hormone important for maintaining a dense, strong bone matrix and regulating the blood calcium level

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2
Q

Euthyroid

A

Refers to a normal functioning thyroid gland

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3
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Oversecretion of thyroid hormones

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4
Q

Hypophosphatasia

A

Low phosphate level associated with hyperparathyroidism

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5
Q

hypothyroidism

A

Undersecretion of thyroid hormones

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6
Q

isthmus

A

small piece of thyroid tissue that connects the right and left lobes of the gland

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7
Q

longus colli muscles

A

wedge-shaped muscle posterior to the thyroid lobes

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8
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

hormone secreted by parathyroid glands that regulates serum calcium levels

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9
Q

pyramidal lobe

A

present in small percentage of patients; extends superiorly from the isthmus

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10
Q

serum calcium

A

Laboratory value that is elevated with hyperparathyroidism

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11
Q

sternocleidomastoid muscles

A

large muscles anterolateral to the thyroid

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12
Q

strap muscles

A

group of three muscles (sternothyroid, sternohyoid, and omohyoid) that lies anterior to the thyroid

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13
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine and triiodothyronine

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14
Q

brachial cleft cyst

A

remnant of embryonic development that appears as a cyst in the neck

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15
Q

fine-needle aspiration

A

use of a fine-gauge needle to obtain cells from a mass

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16
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

disorders associated with elevated serum calcium level, usually caused by a benign parathyroid adenoma

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17
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

disorder characterized by a localized or generalized enlargement of the lymph nodes or lymph vessels

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18
Q

parathyroid hyperplasia

A

enlargement of the multiple parathyroid glands

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19
Q

primary hyperparathyroidism

A

oversecretion of parathyroid hormone, usually from a parathyroid adenoma

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20
Q

secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

enlargement of parathyroid glands in patients with renal failure or vitamin D deficiency

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21
Q

thyroglossal duct cysts

A

congenital anomalies that present in the midline of the neck anterior to the trachea

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22
Q

adenoma

A

benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation

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23
Q

anaplastic carcinoma

A

Rare, undifferentiated carcinoma occurring in middle age

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24
Q

follicular carcinoma

A

occurs as a solitary malignant mass within the thyroid tissue

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25
Q

goiter

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be focal or diffuse; multiple nodules may be present

26
Q

Graves’ disease

A

autoimmune disorder characterized by a diffuse toxic goiter, bulging eyes, and cutaneous manifestations

27
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by the formation of antibodies against normal thyroid tissue

28
Q

medullary carcinoma

A

neoplastic growth that accounts for 10% of thyroid malignancies

29
Q

microcalcification

A

tiny echogenic foci within a nodule that may or may not shadow

30
Q

multinodular goiter

A

nodular enlargement of the thyroid associated with hyperthyroidism

31
Q

nodular hyperplasia

A

degenerative nodules withing the thyroid

32
Q

papillary carcinoma

A

most common form of thyroid malignancy

33
Q

subacute (de Quervain’s) thyroiditis

A

viral infection of the thyroid that causes inflammation

34
Q

thyroiditis

A

inflammation of the thyroid

35
Q

The thyroid straddles the trachea anteriorly, whereas the paired lobes extend on either side bounded laterally by the _______ arteries and ________ veins.

A

carotid, jugular

36
Q

Along the anterior surface of the thyroid gland lie the ______ muscles, including the sternothyroid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternocleidomastoid muscles.

A

strap

37
Q

The parathyroid glands are normally located on the ________ surface of the thyroid gland.

A

posterior medial

38
Q

The parathyroid glands are the _______ organs in the body.

A

calcium-sensing

39
Q

The parathyroid glands produce ________ and monitor the serum calcium feedback mechanism.

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

40
Q

When the serum calcium level ________, the parathyroid glands are stimulated to release PTH.

A

decreases

41
Q

PTH acts on _______, ______, and intestine to enhance calcium absorption.

A

bone, kidney

42
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by ________, hypercalciuria, and low serum levels of phosphate.

A

hypophospatasia

43
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when increased amounts of PTH are produced by a(n) ______, primary hyperplasia, or, rarely, carcinoma located in the parathyroid gland.

A

adenoma

44
Q

A chronic hypocalcemia caused by renal failure, vitamin D deficiency (rickets), or malabsorption syndromes is ______ hyperparathyroidism.

A

secondary

45
Q

The thyroid gland is the part of the endocrine system that maintains body ________, ________, and _________ through the synthesis, storage, and secretion of thyroid hormones.

A

metabolism, growth, development

46
Q

These hormones include triiodothyronine (_______), thyroxine (______), and _________.

A

T3, T4, calcitonin

47
Q

The mechanism from producing thyroid hormones is ______ metabolism.

A

iodine

48
Q

When the body needs thyroid hormone, it is released into the bloodstream by the action of thyrotropin or thyroid-stimulating hormone (__________), which is produced by the pituitary gland.

A

TSH

49
Q

The secretion of TSH is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing factor, which is produced by the __________.

A

hypothalamus

50
Q

The concentration of calcium in the blood is decreased by __________, which first acts on the bone to inhibit its breakdown.

A

calcitonin

51
Q

Low intake of iodine (goiter) in the body may cause either _______, or the inability of the thyroid to produce the proper amount of thyroid hormone, or a problem in the pituitary gland that does not control the thyroid production.

A

hypothyroidism

52
Q

The metabolic rate is dramatically increased ____________ , clinical signs include weight loss, increased appetite, high degree of nervous energy, tremor, excessive sweating, heat intolerance, and palpitations, and many patients show signs of exophthalmos (protruding eyes).

A

hyperthyroidism

53
Q

How the thyroid is functioning is evaluated by ____________.

A

nuclear medicine

54
Q

An enlargement of the thyroid gland is a(n) _______, which is often visible on the anterior neck.

A

goiter

55
Q

___________ is characterized by these findings: hypermetabolism, diffuse toxic goiter, exophthalmos (inflammatory infiltration of the orbital tissue resulting in proptosis, or bulging of the eyes), and cutaneous manifestations (thickening of the dermis of the pretibial areas and the dorsum of the feet).

A

Graves’ disease

56
Q

A benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation is a(n) _________.

A

adenoma

57
Q

The most common of the thyroid malignancies is ________ of the thyroid and is the preponderant cause of thyroid cancer in children.

A

papillary carcinoma

58
Q

The normal thyroid gland has a fine _______ echotexture that is more echogenic than the surrounding muscle structure.

A

homogeneous

59
Q

A normal lymph node is oval in shape with a(n) _________ texture with a central core echo complex.

A

homogeneous

60
Q

The ________ muscle is posterior and lateral to each thyroid lobe and appears as a hypoechoic triangular structure adjacent to the cervical vertebrae.

A

longus colli

Summer Test 1 (3 decks)

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