chapter 22 - plant form and function Flashcards
How do stems, leaves, and roots support one another?
stems hold leaves up to light. sugars produced in photosynthesis move via the stem from leaves to roots, flowers, fruits, and other plant parts. the roots anchor the plant and absorb water and minerals. these substances move through the stem to the leaves, where they are used in ps and etc.
What is the relationship between the node and the internode of a stem?
the node of a stem is a place where leaves are attached. an internode is a length of stem located between nodes
Give examples of stems, leaves, and roots with specialized functions?
specialized stems include the tendrils, stolons and rhizomes, tubers (food storage), succulent stems (water storage), and thorny stems
specialized leaves include onion blubs (food storage), cactus spines, brightly colored leaves, carnivorous leaves, and tendrils
specialized roots include beets and carrots (food storage), desert plant roots, aerial roots (gas exchange, ps) and buttress or prop roots (support)
Categorize each structure in figure 22.1 (on p. 464) as vegetative or reproductive.
the flower and fruits are reproductive structures, all other structures are vegetative
Where in the plant does ground tissue occur?
ground tissues fills the spaces between dermal tissue and vascular tissue inside stems, leaves, fruits, and seeds. most of the body of a plant is made of ground tissue
Compare and contrast the structure and function of tracheids, vessel elements, and sieve tube elements
similar because they have cells that transport materials within a plant. tracheids and vessel elements are part of the xylem, they transport water dissolved minerals. sieve tube elements are part of the phloem, they transport sugars and other dissolved organic substances. tracheids and vessel elements ae alive at functional maturity. the end walls of vessel elements are perforated or absent, tracheids have pits, and sieve tube elements have sieve plates through which strands of cytoplasm pass from cell to cell
Name the cell layers in the stem of a monocot and a eudicot, moving from the epidermis to the innermost tissue.
moving from the epidermis of a monocot stem towards its center, the tissues are epidermis; vascular bundles made of xylem, phloem, and fibers; and ground tissue. moving from the epidermis; cortex; vascular bundles made of fibers, phloem, and xylem; and pith. vascular bundles are arranged in a ring in a eudicot stem but scattered throughout a monocot stem
List the parts of a simple and a compound leaf
both types of leaves have a blade and petiole. an axillary bud and one or more stipules are at the base of each petiole. simple leaves have a single blade. compound leaves have a divided blade
Describe the cells and tissues of a typical leaf
inside a leaf, mesophyll cells are surrounded by air spaces that promote gas exchange as the cells carry out photosynthesis. veins contain xylem and phloem, which deliver water and minerals and carry off sugars produced in photosynthesis. a waxy cuticle covers the epidermis, and stomata are pores through which gases enter and leave the leaf
What is the difference between determinate and indeterminate growth?
a plant with determinate growth stops growing after it reaches its mature size.
a plant with indeterminate growth can keep growing as long as the environment can support it
What are the locations and functions of meristems?
at the tips of roots and shoots which allows these to grow in length.
a lateral meristems forms an internal cylinder of cells extending along most of the length of the plant. they allow an increase in girth of roots and stems.
intercalary meristems occur in grasses and other monocots between the nodes of a mature stem, often at the base of an internode.
meristems allow a plant to tolerate repeated grazing and mowing because they regrow leaves from the base when the top of the leaf is clipped off
What are the two lateral meristems in a woody stem or root, and which tissues does each meristem produce?
the two lateral meristems are the vascular cambium. vascular cambium produces secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside. the cork cambium produces parenchyma cells to the inside and cork to the outside.
What are the functions of wood and bark?
wood, or secondary xylem, makes up most of the volume of a woody root or shoot. overall, wood is tough and provides support for the plant. sapwood conducts water and minerals, although the heartwood is nonfunctional.
The main function of bark is protect the plant. secondary phloem in the bark conducts carbohydrates within the plant
How do softwoods differ from hardwoods?
softwoods are composed mainly of tracheids, whereas hardwoods contain both tracheids and vessels
Explain the origin of tree rings
vascular cambium cells, dormant through the winter, divide and produce wood during the spring and summer. during the wet spring months, the water conducting cells are larger and the wood is lighter. during the summer, the cells are former and form denser rings
