Chapter 22 - Phylogenetic Reconstruction

Question 1

Phylogeny

Answer 1

the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

Question 2

genus

Answer 2

a taxonomic category above the species level, first word in the two part scientific name

Question 3

Taxonomic catergory from small to large

Answer 3

Specie, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phyla, Kingdom, Domain
Sommige gekke families ontdekken Coole Piraten Kleren Dagelijks

Question 4

Cladistics

Answer 4

A class system in which organisms are placed into groups based primarily on common descent

Question 5

shared derived character

Answer 5

an evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade

Question 6

systematics

Answer 6

A discipline focused on classifying both extant and and extinct organisms and determining their evolutionairy relationship.

Question 7

taxonomy

Answer 7

The discipline of naming and classifying organisms

Question 8

sister taxa

Answer 8

Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor, that is not shared by any other group

Question 9

Rooted phylogenetic tree

Answer 9

A phylogenetic tree that contains a branch point representing the most recent common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

Question 10

Basal taxon

Answer 10

A lineage that diverges from all other members of its group early in the history of the group.

Question 11

outgroup

Answer 11

A species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is closely related, but not part of the group of species we are studying

Question 12

maximum parsimony

Answer 12

a principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts

Question 13

Maximum likelihood

Answer 13

Identifies the tree most likely to have produced a given set of DNA data, based on certain probability rules about how DNA sequences change over time.

Question 14

orthologous genes

Answer 14

Homologous genes that are found in different species because of speciation

Question 15

paralogous genes

Answer 15

Homologous genes that are found in the same genome as a result of gene duplication

Question 16

Mono-, Para, polyphyletic groups

Answer 16

Mono: consists of an ancestral species and all of its decendants
Para: Consists of an ancestral species and some of its descendants, but not all of them
Poly: Consists of a group of species, but not their most recent common ancestor. (bv omdat deze niet voor elke specie dezelfde is)