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Biology 9 > Chapter 22: Nutrition and Digestion > Flashcards

Chapter 22: Nutrition and Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

Animals – including people – need raw material to build tissue and to fuel their cells. But food is mostly large, complex molecules. So what does the body have to do to make them useful?

A

The body must digest them to make them useful.

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2
Q

All animals eat other organisms. What do herbivores eat?

A

Feed on plants and algae

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3
Q

All animals eat other organisms. What do carnivores eat?

A

Feed on animals

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4
Q

All animals eat other organisms. What do omnivores eat?

A

Feed on animals, plants, and algaes

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5
Q

What are the three classifications of animal diets?

A

Herbivores, Carnivores, and Omnivores

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6
Q

Name the four stages of food processing – in order! (define them on later cards)

A
  • Ingestion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Elimination
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7
Q

What is ingestion?

A

It is just another word for eating

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8
Q

Explain digestion.

A

The breakdown of food to small broken-down nutrient molecules that the body can absorb

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9
Q

Explain Absorption

A

The uptake of the small nutrient molecules by cells.

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10
Q

Explain elimination

A

The disposal of undigested materials left over from food.

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11
Q

What is usually the first step of digestion?

A

mechanical digestion like CHEWING.

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12
Q

What’s the next step of digestion after mechanical digestion?

A

Chemical Digestion

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13
Q

In chemical digestion, what is happening to polymers that we ingested? Give an example.

A

They are being formed into monomers. For example, starch is digested to its component glucose monomers.

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14
Q

What are two reasons that animals have to dismantle food molecules?

A

These molecules are too large to cross the membranes of animal cells. They must be broken down into molecules that are small enough for cells to abosrb. Second, most food molecules -the proteins in cheese, for example-are different from the molecules that make up an animal’s body.

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15
Q

What is the name of the chemical process that happens in chemical digestion?

A

Hydrolysis of food molecules.

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16
Q

What special ingredient is required for chemical digestion? (Hint: this kind of thing is used in most of life’s chemical reactions) Give an example.

A

Enzymes

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17
Q

Place the four stages of food processing in their proper order:

absportion

digestion

elimination

ingestion

A
  • Ingestion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Elimination
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18
Q

What kind of reaction is shown in these three pictures – with proteins, with carbohydrates, and with fats?

A

hydrolysis

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19
Q

How do animals digest their food without digesting their own cells and tissues?

A

Chemical digestion proceeds safely within some kind of compartments.

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20
Q

How does a cell ingest food? Describe the process in detail.

(summarize the paragraph)

A

The food vacuole forms a digestive compartment. When food is digested small food molecules pass through the vacuole membrane into the cytoplasm and nourish the cell.

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21
Q

What do most animals use in order to process food? Why is it important?

A

Most animals use a digestive compartment to process food. Digestive compartments allow animals to digest big pieces of food – much bigger than a single cell.

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22
Q

What kind of digestive cavities to simple animals have? Describe it.

A

Gastrovascular cavity. A compartment with a single openingv that functions as both the entrance for food and the exit for undigested wastes.

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23
Q

What kind of digestive cavity do most animals have? Describe it.

A

The alimentary canal. A digestive tube with two separate opeings, a mouth at one end and an anus at the other.

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24
Q

What type of digestive cavity does this organism have?

A

Gastrovascular cavity

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25
Q

What type of digestive cavity does this organism have?

A

Alimentary Canal or Digestive Tract

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26
Q

Name the two major parts of the human digestive system

A
  1. alimentary canal (the gut)
  2. some accessory organs (salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder)
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27
Q

What do the accessory organs do?

A

They secrete (release) digestive chemicals into the alimentary canal through ducts (thin tubes)

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28
Q

How long as the human alimentary canal?

A

about 9 meters – 30 feet!

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29
Q

What parts make up the alimentary canal? Name all seven in order.

A
  1. mouth (oral cavity)
  2. pharynx
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine
  6. large intestine (colon and rectum)
  7. anus
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30
Q

What is the job of the mouth?

A

It functions in ingestion (food intake) an the preliminary steps of digestion.

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31
Q

Where does saliva come from, and what is its job?

A

It comes from the salivary glands. It contains the digestive enzyme salivary amylase. This enzyme breaks down starch, a major ingredient in pizza crust

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32
Q

What does your tongue do?

A

It tastes the food and it shapes the food into a ball and pushes the foo ball to the back of th mouth. Swallowing moves the food into the pharynx.

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33
Q

When you swallow food, it leaves your mouth and enters your…

A

PHARYNX :)

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34
Q

The pharynx is an intersection for what two processes?

Note the two things that the pharynx connects to.

A

It is an intersection of the food and the breathing pathways. It connects the mouth to the esophagus. It also opens to the trachea (windpipe) which leads to the lungs.

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35
Q

When you swallow, what flap of skin directs the closing of the trachea?

A

Epiglottis

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36
Q

When we start coughing because food or drink “went down the wrong pipe,” the material hsa entered the______________ instead of the __________________.

A

Trachea & Esophagus

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37
Q

After the pharynx, the food enters the…

A

Esophagus

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38
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

The muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach.

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39
Q

Name and describe the process that the esophagus uses to move food down.

A

Peristalsis. It alternates waves of muscular contraction and relaxation that squeezes the food ball along the esophagus.

40
Q

Does gravity alone move food down your esophagus? Explain your answer.

A

No, gravity does not only move the food down your esophagus. Peristalsis is a mian factor of pushing the food down as well.

41
Q

After the esophagus, food enters…

A

THE STOMACH

42
Q

Why don’t humans have to eat ALL the time?

A

The stomach is a large organ that can store enough food to sustain us for several hours.

43
Q

What do the cells lining the inside of the stomach do?

A

Gatric juice is made up of strong acid, digestive enzymes, and mucus.

44
Q

What is pepsin?

A

This is in gastric juice. It is an enzyme that digests proteins. Pepsin breaks proteins into smaller pieces.

45
Q

What happens right when food passes from the esophagus into the stomach? Describe what happens and what is produced.

A

The muscular stomach will begin to churn and it will mix the food and gastric juice into a thick soup, called chyme

46
Q

What is a sphincter?

A

They control the flow of the bile out of the galbladder and into the duodenum

47
Q

What does the sphincter at the downstream end of the stomach do?

A

It spits the chyme into the small intestine.

48
Q

Why doesn’t the stomach digest itself? Name and describe two reasons.

A

Mucus coating the stomach lining helps protect it from gastric juices and from abrusive material in the food. Nerve signals and chemical signals called hormones regulater secretion of gastric juice s that it is discharged only whne food is in the stomach.

49
Q

What is it called when chyme goes back from the stomach into the esophagus? What is it called if this happens to you often enough to harm the lining of your esophagus?

A

Esophaegal burn. Barrots disease

50
Q

What happens if your stomach lining is eroded by gastric juice faster than it can regenerate? What is this condition called, and what is the most common cause? What did people think was the cause in the past? What is the best treatment for this condition?

A

Then, painful open sores called gastric ulcers can form in the stomach wall. It is called gastric ulcer. The cause is Helicobacter pylori. People use to think the cause was stress. Now, people take antibiotics for the best treatment.

51
Q

What kind of surgery do some people get if they are trying to lose weight? Describe the surgery and why it is sometimes effective.

A

It is called gastric bypass. They make shrink the size of the stomach and the food goes directly into the small intestine. It is sometimes effective sometimes because the fat is not absorbed, it goes straight to the intestine.

52
Q

After the stomach, where does the food go?

A

The small intestine.

53
Q

Why is the small intestine called the small intestine?

A

NOT because it is short; it’s actually quite long (about 20 feet)

It’s small in diameter – about the width of a quarter

54
Q

What are the two main purposes of the small intestine?

A

chemical digestion

absportion of nutrients

55
Q

When food reaches the small intestine, what form is it in? What has already happened to it at this point?

A

It is broken down into the form of chyme. It has already been broken down into little pieces adn it is moxed with the bile.

56
Q

Name the first part of the small intestine and what happens in it.

A

The duodenum. It recives digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and the intestinal lining itself.

57
Q

Where does the duodenum receive digestive juices from?

A

pancreas, liver, gallblader, intestinal lining

58
Q

Where do pancreatic juices come from? What do they do?

A

It comes from the pancreas. Pancreatic juice neutralizes the stomach acids that enter the duodenum and contains enzymes that aid in digestion of different types of food.

59
Q

Where does bile come from, where is it stored, and what does it do?

A

Bile is produced in the liver and it is stored in the gallbladder Bile increases the absorption of fats and excrete bilirubin.

60
Q

By the time food reaches the end of the duodenum, digestion is mostly complete. What is next?

A

nutrient absorption

61
Q

What is the intestinal lining called?

A

Epithelium

62
Q

What does the intestinal lining look like?

A

It has lots of folds and also little finger-like outgrowths called villi, which absorb nutrients like a fluffy bath towel would.

63
Q

What is the cause of cholera? What are the symptoms?

A

It is caused by eating or drinking anything contaminated with Vibrio cholerea. If you have this you get severe watery diarrhea

64
Q

When is your food finally inside your body?

A

After nutrients have crossed the cell membranes of the microvilli, they are finally inside the body.

65
Q

After the small intestine, the food goes to…

A

Large Intestine :)

66
Q

What is the main portion of the large intestine called?

A

COLON

67
Q

How does the large intestine compare to the small intestine in size?

A

shorter but much wider.

68
Q

What is the colon’s main job

A

To absorb water from the alimentary canal.

69
Q

What happens to undigested materials as they move through the colon by peristalsis?

A

It goes to the rectum and comes out of the anus.

70
Q

What is feces?

A

The undigested material.

71
Q

Compare and contranst diarrhea with constipation.

A

Diarrhea is easy to get the poop out and constipation is hard to get the poop because it is hard inconsistency

72
Q

What is the rectum, and what happens there?

A

It is a temporary store house for the feces.

73
Q

State, from start to finish, how food is processed in the human alimentary canal.

A

ON PAPER

74
Q

Calories measure…

A

measure of energy stored in your food.

75
Q

What is the definition of a calorie?

A

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a gram by 1 degree celcius

76
Q

Calories are small. How do we often scale them up?

A

KILOCALORIE

77
Q

The “Calories” on food packages typically refer to…

A

kilocalories, not regular small calories

78
Q

what is metabolic rate?

A

the rate of energy consimption by the body

79
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

the amount of energy it takes just to maintain your basic body functions and any additional energy consumption above that base rate.

80
Q

What does your metabolic rate depend on?

A

body size, age, stress level, and heredity.

81
Q

What are essential nutrients? Describe what the term means and list the four kinds of essential nutrients.

A

Essental nutrients cannot be made from any other materials, so the body needs to receive them in preassembled form. The essential nutrients are essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals, an essential fatty acids.

82
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20 types

83
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A
  • Methionine
  • Valine
  • Threonine
  • Phenylalanine
  • Leucine
  • Isoleucene
  • Tryptophan
  • Lysine
84
Q

What essential-amino-acid-related problem do vegetarians have?

A

You have to have different essentail amino acids and eat a variety of plants.

85
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic molecules that are required in the diet in very small amounts.

86
Q

Give three examples of vitamens, where they come from in our diet, and an interesting fact about them. (I recommend: Vitamin C, Vitamin B12, and Vitamin D)

A

Vitamin C comes from citrus food like oranges or lemon and it is needed for growth and development. Vitamin C defieciency causes scurvy. Vitamin B12 come from meat, fish, poultry, adn other dairy products. It helps the growth of our nervous system. The deficiency of Vitamin B12 causes neurological problems. Vitamin D comes from the sun. It helps us absor calcium and phosphorus which ultimately helps the growth of our bones.

87
Q

What do the organic molecules in our diet provide us?

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

88
Q

What are minerals?

A

We also require smaller amounts of 21 other chemical elements that are acquired mainly in the form of inorganic nutrients

89
Q

What can happen if you don’t have enough of the 21 essential minerals? Give an example: calcium.

A

Your bones will be very weak. The deficiency of calcium can result in the weakness of bones.

90
Q

What are essential fatty acids?

A
  • alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid)
91
Q

What is the main type of nutritional deficiency?

A

Malnutrition

92
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

It refers to health problems caused by an improper or insufficient diet.

93
Q

Where are protein deficiencies most common?

A

In geographic regions

94
Q

If children experience malnutrition, what happens to them?

A

They don’t develop properly both physically and mentally. They have a medical condition called kwashiorkor

95
Q

Name the two main eating disorders

A

Anorexia nervosa which is characterized by self-starvation in fear of gaining weight. Bulimia is a behavorial pattern of binge eating followed by purging through indiced vomitting, abuse of laxatives, or excessive exercise.

96
Q

What is the differenc ebetween anorexia nervosa and bulimia?

A

Bulmia is excessive eating and anorexia nervosa is self-starvation.

97
Q

What is obesity?

A

Too-high body mass index, a ratio of weight to height.

Biology 9 (2 decks)

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