Chapter 2.2 MIDTERMS

Question 1

There are patterns of __________ with inequalities in wealth and power between societies. Explaining why there are countries who developed faster that the others can be done through different theories.

Answer 1

Global Stratification

Question 2

what are the two theories which can explain the existing global stratification?

Answer 2

Modernization theory
Dependency theory

Question 3

This theory frames global stratification as a function of technological and cultural differences between nations.

Answer 3

Modernization theory

Question 4

It specifically pinpoints two historical events that contributed to Western Europe developing at a faster rate than much of the rest of the world.

Answer 4

Modernization theory

Question 5

It refers to the spread of goods, technology, education and diseases between the Americas and Europe after Christopher Columbus’ so-called “discovery of Americas”.

Answer 5

Columbian Exchange

Question 6

This exchange worked out so well for the European countries and these countries gained agricultural staples, like potatoes and tomatoes, which contributed to population growth and provided new opportunities for trade, while strengthening the power of the merchant class.

Answer 6

Columbian Exchange

Question 7

It worked out much less well for Native Americans whose population were ravaged by diseases brought from Europe wherein 150 yrs following the discovery, over 80% of Native Americans died because of the diseases such as smallpox and measles.

Answer 7

Columbian Exchange

Question 8

It happened during the 18th and 19th Centuries.

Answer 8

Industrial Revolution

Question 9

This is when new technologies like steam power and mechanization , allowed countries to replace human labor with machines and increase productivity.

Answer 9

Industrial Revolution

Question 10

This revolution at first only benefited the wealthy in Western countries.

Answer 10

Industrial Revolution

Question 11

As a result, countries that industrialized in the 18th and 19th centuries saw massive improvements in their standards of living and countries that did not industrialize left behind.

Answer 11

Industrial Revolution

Question 12

This theory argues that the tension between the tradition and technological change is the biggest barrier to growth.

Answer 12

Modernization theory

Question 13

This theory is about a society that is more stick in family systems and traditions may be less willing to adopt new technologies and the new social systems that often accompany them.

Answer 13

Modernization theory

Question 14

This theory therefore sees that most of the countries who are less developed are more steeped to their culture and traditions and therefore not willing to adopt new technologies that is why they were left behind

Answer 14

Modernization theory

Question 15

According to American economist, _____________ , modernization in the West took place in four stages.

Answer 15

Walt Rostow

Question 16

What are Walt Rostow’s four stages of modernization

Answer 16

Traditional stage
Take-off stage
Drive to technological maturity stage
High mass consumption

Question 17

This refers to the societies that are structured around small, local communities with production typically being done in family settings. Because these societies have limited resources and technology, most of their time is spent on laboring to produce food, which creates a strong political hierarchy.

Answer 17

Traditional stage

Question 18

Examples of this are feudal Europe or early Chinese dynasties

Answer 18

Traditional stage

Question 19

Traditional rules how a society functions. What your parents do is what your parents did.

Answer 19

Traditional stage

Question 20

People begin to use their individual talents to produce things beyond the necessities.

Answer 20

Take-off stage

Question 21

it means creating new market for trade, therefore productions is no longer associated with traditional rules.

Answer 21

Innovation

Question 22

Technological growth of the earlier periods begin to bear fruit in the form of population growth, reductions in absolute poverty levels and more diverse to job opportunities .

Answer 22

Drive to technological maturity stage

Question 23

Nations in this stage typically begin to push for social change, along with economic change, like implementing basic schooling for everyone and developing more democratic political system.

Answer 23

Drive to technological maturity stage

Question 24

It is the Late stage of Modernization.

Answer 24

High mass consumption

Question 25

It is when your country is big enough that production becomes more about wants than needs. Many of these countries put social support systems in place to ensure that all of their citizens have access to basic necessities.

Answer 25

High mass consumption

Question 26

Critics argue that this theory is just a new name for the idea that capitalism is the only way for a country to develop. Even as technology has improved throughout the world, a lot of countries have been left behind.

Answer 26

Modernization Theory

Question 27

This theory sweeps a lot of historical factors under the rug. Countries like US and UK industrialized from a position of global strength during a period when there were no laws against slavery or concern about natural resource depletion. Meaning they were already powerful even before they were industrialized.

Answer 27

Modernization Theory

Question 28

This theory is “Eurocentric”, putting an emphasis on economic progress, even though that is not necessarily the only standard to aspire by every nation. Economic progress often includes downsides, like the environmental damage done by industrialization and the exploitation of cheap or free labor.

Answer 28

Modernization Theory

Question 29

Critics of this theory see this as blaming the victim. This theory essentially blames poor countries for not being willing to accept change, putting the fault on their cultural values and traditions rather than acknowledging that outside forces might be holding back to those countries

Answer 29

Modernization Theory

Question 30

It started in the1500s, when European explorers spread throughout Americas, Africa and Asia claiming lands for Europe. British empire covered about one fourth of the world. US took control of Haiti, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines, the Hawailan Islands, and parts of Panama and Cuba.

Answer 30

Dependency Theory

Question 31

There was a _____________ followed a triangular route between Africa, American and Caribbean colonies and European. Guns and factory-made goods were sent to Africa in exchange for slaves who were sent to colonies to produce goods like cotton and tobacco

Answer 31

Transanlatic slave trade

Question 32

However, as the slave trade died down in 19th centuries, the point of colonialism came to be less about human resources and more about natural resources. They begin exploiting natural resources of their colonies.

Answer 32

Dependency Theory

Question 33

This theory was a product of this experience of colonization.

Answer 33

Dependency Theory

Question 34

refers to the condition in which the development of the nation-states of the South (underdeveloped) contributed to a decline in their independence ana to an increase in economic development of the countries of the North (developed).

Answer 34

Dependency

Question 35

This theory also argues that liberal trade causes greater impoverishment, not economic improvement , to less developed countries. It focuses on how poor countries have been wronged by richer nations.

Answer 35

Dependency Theory

Question 36

It also argues that in a world of finite resources, rich nations are rich since those riches came at the expense of another country being poor. (It means that rich countries become richer by means of exploiting poor countries through COLONIALISM.)

Answer 36

Dependency Theory

Question 37

global stratification starts with _________.

Answer 37

Colonialism

Question 38

The term “core nations” and “peripheral nations” are at the heart of this theory.

Answer 38

Dependency Theory

Question 39

It refer to countries that are less-developed and received an unequal distribution of the world’s health.

Answer 39

Peripheral Nations

Question 40

It refers to more industrialized nations who received the majority of the world’s wealth.

Answer 40

Core Nations

Question 41

Another common assumption of this theory is that “even after de-colonization, there are still important ties between the developed and less developed countries, which mainly consists in the exploitation of peripheral natural resources and workforce by the center”. ( Meaning, less developed countries are still exploited even though they were already free from colonization.)

Answer 41

Dependency Theory

Question 42

_______________ takes place even after de-colonization since less developed countries are said to be primarily serving the interest of developed countries by providing raw materials to core or developed nations. The ____________ processed these raw materials and then sell them at a much higher price. As a result, these manufactured goods go right back to the less developed countries. ___________ therefore must spend more money on the processed foods.

Answer 42

EXPLOITATION takes place even after de-colonization since less developed countries are said to be primarily serving the interest of developed countries by providing raw materials to core or developed nations. The CORE NATIONS processed these raw materials and then sell them at a much higher price. As a result, these manufactured goods go right back to the less developed countries. PERIPHERAL NATIONS therefore must spend more money on the processed foods.

Question 43

Who were the 2 that developed the Dependency Theory

Answer 43

Hans Singer
Raul Prebisch

Question 44

What are the 2 sub-theories of Dependecy Theory

Answer 44

North American Neo-Marxist Approach
Latin American Structuralist Approach

Question 45

who espoused the North American Neo-Marxist Approach?

Answer 45

Andre Gunder Frank.

Question 46

Espoused by Andre Gunder Frank. He contended the idea that the less developed would develop by following the path taken by the developed countries. Developed were undeveloped in the beginning but not under developed. This means that the path taken by the developed countries does not guarantee the same fate for the underdeveloped countries.

Answer 46

North American Neo-Marxist Approach

Question 47

He also rejected the idea that internal sources cause a country’s underdevelopment; rather, it is their dependency to capitalist system that causes lack of development.

Answer 47

Andre Gunder Frank.

Question 48

It was developed mainly by Latin American scientists.

Answer 48

Latin American Structuralist Approach

Question 49

Studies by __________documented a secular deterioration in terms of trade of Latin American countries. Less developed states deteriorated by means of depending on the imports from other countries.

Answer 49

Hans Singer

Question 50

He can be credited for explaining the factors underlying this downward trend.

Answer 50

Raul Prebisch

Question 51

Most of Latin American countries adopted strategies nominally conducive to autonomous, self-sustaining development. They sought to diversify exports and accelerate industrialization through import substitution. High tariffs were imposed to reduce the region’s dependence on foreign manufactures and on the developed North

Answer 51

Latin American Structuralist Approach

Question 52

The history of colonialism inspired by who?

Answer 52

Immanuel Wallerstein

Question 53

he history of colonialism inspired American sociologist, Immanuel Wallerstein model of what he called the _______________________

Answer 53

Capitalist world economy.

Question 54

Wallerstein described high-income nations as the “_________” of the world economy. This core is the manufacturing base of the planet.

Answer 54

Core

Question 55

It refers to whose natural resources and labor support the wealthier countries for working for multinational corporations under neocolonialism.

Answer 55

Periphery

Question 56

Middle-income countries, such as India or Brazil, are considered the “_________________” due to their closer ties to global economic core.

Answer 56

Semi-Periphery

Question 57

In Wallerstein’s model, the __________ remains economically dependent on the core in a number of ways. Poor countries tend to have few resources to export to rich countries. Corporations can buy these raw materials cheaply and the will process and sell them in richer nations. As a result, the profit tends to bypass the poor countries who provided raw materials in a cheap price.

Answer 57

Periphery

Question 58

The problem under this theory is not that there is a lack of global wealth ; it is that this is not well distributed.

Answer 58

Modern World System/Capitalist world economy.

Question 59

Critics argue that _________ is not a zero-sum game. It means that one country getting richer does not means other countries are getting poorer. Innovation and technological growth can spill over to other countries, improving all nations’ well-being and not just the rich.

Answer 59

World Economy

Question 60

________certainly left scars, but it is not enough , on its own, to explain today’s economic disparities. Some of the poorest countries like Ethiopia in Africa were never colonized and had very little contact with richer nations. While, some former colonies like Singapore and Sri Lanka now have already flourishing economies.

Answer 60

Colonialism