Chapter 22 (Industrial Revolution) Flashcards
Spinning Jenny
Invented by James Hargreaves. Allowed a weaver to spin mor than one thread at a time.
Water frame
Invented by Richard Arkwright and used water power to drive the spinning wheel. This moved textile production from the home to factories big enough to house the machines.
James Hargreaves
Invented the spinning jenny
Richard Arkwright
Invented the water frame
Eli Whitney
Created cotton gin and interchangeable parts
Interchangeable parts
Made it so if a particular component broke, that component could be easily replaced without having to replace the whole product
Steam engine
Provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam, which generated energy for machines in factories. A steam powered locomotive was later made for railway trains
James watt
Invented the steam engine
Steamship
Were powered by steam engines and were no longer dependent on the wind. Were also able to travel long distances which led to coaling stations
Crop rotation
Rotating different crops in and out of a field each year which increased food production
Seed drill
A device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot it which increased food production
Seaways
A waterway giving access to a port, Britain had many of these which was one of its advantages in the process of industrialization
Raw materials
The basic material from which a product is made. Britain was geographically well placed to import this, which was an advantage during industrialization
Fossil fuel
Are made from decomposing plants and animals and can be converted to energy. This was essential in the process of separating iron from its ore.
Transcontinental railroad
Railroad across the United States, connecting the Atlantic and pacific oceans and facilitated US industrial growth
Second Industrial Revolution
Developments were in steel, chemicals, precise machinery, and electronics
Trans-Siberian railroad
It connected russias industrial and commercial areas and allowed Russia to trade more easily with countries in east asia
Bessemer process
A steel making process in which impurities are removed from iron by oxidation
Urbanization
The growth of cities, industrialization increased this
Protestant work ethic
View that a persons duty is to achieve success through hard work
Meiji
Under this, Japan ended its self imposed isolation from the world as they were alarmed by the advanced navy and armaments produced by the wests industries
Otto von Bismarck
Under him, Germany started workers accident compensation insurance, unemployment insurance, and old age pensions. He was more concerned that if he didn’t address these problems, radicals would demand stronger action which would lead to social unresy
Industrial revolution
Period of social and economic change that transformed society and agrarian society into industrial. Began in Britain, then spread to countries in Europe and North America, and then later to Japan and Russia
Industrialization
The increased mechanization of production and the social changes that accompanied this shift.
Cottage industry
A system where merchants provided raw cotton to women to spun it into cloth in their homes
Putting-out system
The cottage industry where women spun thread in their homes. However, the production was slow which led to the development of technologies that produced cloth more quickly.
Factory system
Arkwright was considered the father of this because the water frame moved textile production to factories.
Division of labor
This system was made possible through Interchangeable parts, which made it so unskilled workers would just be specialized in a specific task/just attaching a certain piece of a product.
Assembly line
Henry ford expanded on the concept of division of labor, making this to manufacture his Model T automobiles
Agricultural revolution
This slightly predated the Industrial Revolution and led to increased productivity
Enclosure movment
Farmers were traditionally allowed to cultivate land called “the commons” but this fenced off the commons so that only those who paid got the land. Led to many farmers losing land and they went to get industrial jobs
Manchester
An urban area that many farmers moved to after losing their land and jobs
Liverpool
An urban area that many farmers moved to after losing their land and jobs
Capital
Money available to invest in business. British capitalists had excess of this because of the trans Atlantic slave trafe
Human capital
The workforce. This was a key factor in americas success (many immigrants or migrants)
Consumerism
That an increase in a consumption of goods is desirable. This increased among the working and middle classes in Britain
Corporations
A business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders
Stockholders
Individuals who buy partial ownership from a company when formed or through the stock market. Will receive or lose money depending on success of compabt
Stock market
A stock exchange where people can buy and sell stocks
Monopoly
To control all aspects of a specific business and eliminate the competition
The wealth of nations
Written by Adam smith, supports capitalism and establishment of private entrepreneurship
Adam smith
Believe in invisibility hand of the market, want government to be more hands off
Capitalism
Industry controlled by private ownership, adam smith supports
Laissez-faire
Opposed nearly all government regulations that limited business
John Stuart mill
Champion of social reforms including labor unions, child labor, and laws concerning safe working conditions. Advocated utilitarianism
Utilitarianism
Sought the greater good for greatest number of people. Didn’t want to end capitalism wanted to address problems
Socialism
System where major resources and industries would be owned by workers or government on behalf of the people.
Utopia
Futuristic or idealized community (utopian socialism)
Karl Marx
Advocate of socialism, thought end of capitalism would bring equality and justice. His ideas eventually evolved and his followers interpreted his writing differently
Friedrich engels
Critiqued capitalism
The communist manifesto
A pamphlet written by Karl Marx and friedrich engels that summarized their critique of capitalism
Means of production
The facilities and resources for producing goods. By controlling this (according to Marx) u can gain wealth
Communism
Society where property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to abilities and needs. Marxist socialism became known as this.
Tenement
Poorly constructed apartment buildings where working families were crowded into, often owned by factory owners
Slums
Areas of cities where low income families were forced to live and where pollution and disease was common. Tenements were often located here.
Working class
The bottom of the social hierarchy and those who labored in factories coal mines. They were low skilled and therefore replaceable.
White-collar
These jobs were held by office workers. They were literate and could be considered middle class
Captains of industry
Wealthy industrialists that soon overshadowed the aristocracy as the leaders of modern society
Cult of domesticity
Idealized the female homemaker, advertising and consumer culture contributed to this
Labor unions
Organizations that advocate free trade right to bargain over wages, conditions, and hours with employers and create a contract
Proletariat
According to Marx, one of the two classes capitalism divided society into. The working class (factories and mines)
Bourgeoisie
According to Marx, one of the two classes capitalism divided society into. The middle class. Marx said they exploited the proletariat for profit and owned means of production
