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Bio 94: Exam 1 > Chapter 22: Darwin and Descent with Modification > Flashcards

Chapter 22: Darwin and Descent with Modification Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 key observations about life?

A
  1. Organisms are suited for their environments
  2. Many characteristics of life are shared
  3. Life is very diverse
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2
Q

What are Darwin’s 4 central ideas?

A
  1. Descent with Modification
  2. Common Ancestry
  3. Adaptation
  4. Natural Selection
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3
Q

What is Darwin’s first central idea and what exactly does it mean?

A
  1. Descent with Modification
    • “change over time”
    • This was his phrase for “Evolution”
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4
Q

What is Darwin’s second central idea and what exactly does it mean?

A
  1. Common Ancestry

- When species have similar characteristics due to a recent ancestor

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5
Q

What is Darwin’s third central idea and what exactly does it mean?

A
  1. Adaptation

- when organisms inherit characteristics that enhance their survival and reproduction for that specific environment

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6
Q

What is Darwin’s fourth central idea and what exactly does it mean?

A
  1. Natural Selection
    • a process by which organisms with certain heritable traits survive and reproduce at a higher rate than those in the population who lack those traits
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7
Q

Natural selection produces ___________.

A

adaptations

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8
Q

What is catastrophism?

A

When a catastrophic event occurs and many species go extinct
- theory by George Cuvier

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9
Q

What did Lamarck propose?

A

He argued 4 laws

  1. Organisms become more complex
  2. The environment applies stresses
  3. As a result, organisms develop new parts
  4. New parts (changes) are passed on
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10
Q

Why is Lamarck’s proposal flawed?

A
  • It doesn’t happen at the level of population

- If an individual giraffe gets its neck stretched it doesn’t mean that its offspring will suddenly have long necks also

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11
Q

What did Lyell argue?

A
  • Earth is older than 6000 years
  • Earth is also changing, meaning that it is encouraging the species to evolve as environmental changes occur
  • If organisms continue to evolve but Earth cannot provide the right environment to support them then they go extinct
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12
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Humans modify other species by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits

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13
Q

What is Carlos Linnaeus responsible for?

A

The binomial format for naming organisms

Genus and Species

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14
Q

What is Thomas Malthus responsible for?

A

He theorized that human disease and famine resulted from the human population’s ability to increase faster than the available food supply

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15
Q

What is Alfred Wallace responsible for?

A

He developed the theory of natural selection entirely independently from Darwin and sent it to Darwin for approval

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16
Q

What does the fossil record reveal and how/why is it evidence for evolution?

A
  • It reveals species from the past and shows a change
  • It is evidence for evolution because it is physical proof that a species has evolved (changed) over time
  • However, the fossil record is incomplete because it favors structures that are easier to preserve
  • DNA also cannot be obtained from fossils
17
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Structures of organisms that represent a common theme from a common ancestor

E.g., bones of bat wing and bones of gorilla arm are similar

18
Q

What is biogeography and how do biogeographical patterns support evolution?

A
  • A geographic distribution of species
  • For example, when land drifts apart (e.g. Australia) those species become isolated and remain there (koalas, kangaroos etc.)
  • These patterns support evolution because we can track where current species originated from and it shows how they evolved
19
Q

What type of evidence for evolution has come from molecular biology?

A

DNA!

Evolutionary relationships can be determined based on genes and proteins from different organisms

20
Q

What are some examples of direct observations of evolutionary change?

A
  • Soapberry bugs and the Golden Rain Tree

- Antibiotic Resistance

21
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A
  • The independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

(These organisms do not have common ancestors, but their similar features developed independently)

22
Q

Why is convergent evolution a problem for building trees?

A
  • Just because two species have similar structures it doesn’t mean they share common ancestors
23
Q

The ___________ (longer/shorter) it has been since two organisms shared a common ancestor, the __________ (smaller/greater) the number of base differences we should see between similar genes.

A

Longer, greater

24
Q

True or False

Natural selection is the only cause for evolution

A

False

25
Q

True or False

Natural selection is the only mechanism that produces adaptations

A

True

Bio 94: Exam 1 (5 decks)

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