Chapter 22: Cloning and biotechnology Flashcards
What is a clone?
A genetically identical copy of an organism or cell.
What is vegetative propogation?
The artificial production of natural clones for use in horticulture and agriculture.
What are cuttings?
A method of plant cloning that involves planting short sections of stem from a parent plant and providing rooting hormones to encourage growth in genetically identical plants.
What is meristem tissue?
Tissue found at regions of growth in plants. Contain stem cells.
What is micropropogation?
The process of making very large numbers of genetically identical offspring from a single parent plant using tissue culture.
What is a totipotent?
A stem cell that can differentiate into any type of cell and form a whole organism.
What is an explant?
A small tissue sample taken from the meristem tissue of a plant for use in micropropagation.
What is a callus?
A mass of genetically identical cells.
What are monozygotic twins?
Genetically identical twins that have arisen due to the splitting of the early embryo to form two separate embryos.
What is artificial embryo twinning?
A method used to clone animals by taking an early embryo and splitting it into multiple smaller embryos before implanting each embryo into a surrogate. Also known as embryo splitting.
What is somatic cell nuclear transfer?
A method of producing a clone from an adult animal by transferring the nucleus from an adult cell to an enucleated egg cell and stimulating development. e.g. dolly the sheep.
What is biotechnology?
The use of living organisms or parts of living organisms in industrial processes. This could be to produce food, drugs or other products.
What is a culture?
A population of one type of microorganism that has been grown under controlled conditions.
What is a closed culture?
A culture which has no exchange of nutrients or gases with the external environment.
What is a growth curve?
A graph shows the population size of bacteria in a closed culture over time. It is divided into four distinct stages: lag phase, log/exponential phase, stationary phase and death/decline phase.
