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Biol 224 Lecture > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main functions of the lymphatic system

A

Fluid balance, lipid absorption and defense

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2
Q

How much fluid is collected by the lymphatic capillaries

A

3L

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3
Q

When interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries, what is it called

A

Lymph

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4
Q

Lymphatic vessels located in the lining of the digestive tract that absorb lipids and other substances

A

Lacteals

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5
Q

Lymph passing through the lacteals

A

Chyle

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6
Q

Filters lymph

A

Lymph nodes

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7
Q

Filters blood

A

Spleen

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8
Q

The lymphatic system includes

A

Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, lymphatic nodules, lymph nodes, the tonsils, the spleen, and the thymus

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9
Q

Lymphatic vessels that originate as small, dead-end tubes

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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10
Q

Areas of the body that lack lymphatic vessels

A

CNS, bone marrow, and tissues without blood vessels, such as cartilage, epidermis, and the cornea.

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11
Q

Inner layer of lymphatic vessels consists of

A

endothelium surrounded by an elastic membrane

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12
Q

The middle layer of lymphatic vessels consists of

A

Smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers

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13
Q

The outer layer of lymphatic vessels consists of

A

Thin layer of fibrous connective tissue

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14
Q

How does lymph move through lymphatic vessels

A

Contraction of lymph vessels, contraction of skeletal vessels and thoracic pressure changes

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15
Q

The largest lymphatic vessel is

A

Thoracic duct

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16
Q

Right lymphatic duct drains lymph from

A

Right side of the head, upper right limb and right thorax

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17
Q

The thoracic duct drains lymph from

A

The right side of the body inferior to the thorax, and the entire left side of the body

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18
Q

Lymphatic tissue consists of

A

Primarily lymphocytes, but also macrophages, dendritic cells, reticular cells, and other cells

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19
Q

Where do B cells and T cells originate

A

Red bone marrow

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20
Q

Encapsulated lymphatic tissue forms these organs of the lymphatic system

A

Lymph nodes, spleen and the thymus

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21
Q

Define Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

Aggregates of nonencapsulated lymphatic tissue found in and beneath the mucosa membranes lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts

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22
Q

Examples of MALT

A

Diffuse lymphatic tissue, lymphatic modules and tonsils

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23
Q

Diffuse lymphatic tissue contains

A

Dispersed lymphocytes, macrophages and other cells

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24
Q

Where is diffuse lymphatic tissue located

A

Deep to the mucous membranes, around lymphatic modules and within lymph nodes and the spleen

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25
Q

Describe lymphatic nodules

A

Denser arrangements of lymphatic tissue organized into compact, somewhat spherical structures ranging in size from a few hundred microns to a few millimeters or more in diameter

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26
Q

Where are lymphatic modules found

A

Loose connective tissue of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems.

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27
Q

Define Peyer patches

A

Aggregations of lymphatic modules in the distal half of the small intestine and the appendix

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28
Q

Define lymphatic follicles

A

Lymphatic modules found within lymph nodes and the spleen

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29
Q

Define tonsils

A

Large groups of lymphatic modules and diffuse lymphatic tissue located deep to the mucous membranes within the pharynx

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30
Q

Define adenoid

A

Enlarged pharyngeal tonsil

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31
Q

Where are lymph nodes located

A

Along the course of lymphatic vessels

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32
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes

A

Filter lymph, removing bacteria and other materials. In addition, lymphocytes congregate , function and proliferate within lymph nodes

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33
Q

How many lymph nodes are in the body

A

Approx 450

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34
Q

Afferent lymphatic vessels

A

Carry lymph to the lymph nodes

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35
Q

Efferent lymphatic vessels

A

Carry lymph away from the lymph nodes

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36
Q

Germinal centers

A

Lymphatic modules of the cortex of the lymph node that is an area of rapid lymphocyte cell division

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37
Q

White pulp

A

Lymphatic tissue surrounding the arteries within the spleen

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38
Q

Red pulp

A

Associated with the veins within the spleen, consists of a fibrous network, filled with macrophages and red blood cells

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39
Q

White pulp/Red pulp ratios of the spleen

A

1/4 white pulp, 3/4 red pulp

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40
Q

Functions of the spleen

A

Destroying defective red blood cells, detecting and responding to foreign substances in the blood, and acting as a blood reservoir

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41
Q

Site for maturation of T cells

A

Thymus

42
Q

Hormone that is important in T cell maturation

A

Thompson

43
Q

Immunity

A

Is the ability to resist damage from foreign substances, such as microorganisms, harmful chemicals (toxins released by microorganisms), internal threats, such as cancer cells

44
Q

How is immunity categorized

A

Innate and adaptive immunity

45
Q

Describe immune response in innate immunity

A

The response to foreign substances is the same each time the body is exposed

46
Q

Describe immune response in adaptive immunity

A

The body recognizes and destroys foreign substances, but the response to them is faster and stronger each tome the body is exposed

47
Q

Specificity

A

Is the ability of adaptive immunity to recognize a particular substance

48
Q

Memory

A

Ability of adaptive immunity to remember previous encounters with a particular substance

49
Q

Body defenses that are present at birth and genetically predetermined

A

Innate immunity

50
Q

Main components of innate immunity

A
  1. Physical barriers that prevent microbes from entering the body or that physically remove them from the body
  2. Chemical mediators that act directly against microorganisms or activate other mechanisms, leading to the destruction of the microorganisms
  3. Cells involved in phagocytosis and the production of chemicals that participate in the immune response
51
Q

The physical barriers that make up innate immunity are

A

Skin and the mucous membranes

52
Q

Define cytokines

A

Proteins or peptides secreted by cells that bind to receptors on cell surfaces, stimulating a response

53
Q

Function of cytokines

A

Regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses and stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of cells

54
Q

Examples of cytokines

A

Interferons, interleukins and lymphokines

55
Q

Define complement

A

A group of about 20 proteins that protect the body by destroying abnormal cells or enhancing other components of immunity

56
Q

Define complement cascade

A

A series of reactions in which each component of the series activates the next component

57
Q

Alternative pathway

A

Part of innate immunity, initiated when the complement protein C3 becomes spontaneously active

58
Q

Classical pathway

A

Part of adaptive immunity.

59
Q

define Membrane attack complex (MAC)

A

Produces a channel through the cells plasma membrane that ultimately destroys the cell

60
Q

Define opsonization

A

Complement proteins attach to the surface of the cells and stimulate macrophages to phagocytize the bacteria

61
Q

Define interferons

A

Proteins that protect the body against viral infection and perhaps some forms of cancer

62
Q

Define chemotaxis

A

Movement of the WBCs from areas of lower chemotactic factor concentration to areas of higher concentration

63
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

The end oxytocin’s and destruction of particles by phagocytes

64
Q

Describe Neutrophils

A

Small, phagocytic cells produced in large numbers. Often die after one phagocytic event

65
Q

Describe macrophages

A

Large phagocytic cells, derived from monocytes. In addition to their phagocytic role, macrophages produce a variety of chemicals, such as interferons, prostaglandins, and complement, that enhance the immune response

66
Q

Describe basophils

A

Motile WBC that can leave the blood and enter infected tissues.

67
Q

Describe mast cells

A

Nonmotile cells in connective tissue, especially near capillaries. Located at points where microorganisms May enter the body, such as the skin, lungs, digestive tract and urogenital tract

68
Q

Describe eosinophils

A

WBC, numbers increase in response to parasitic infections. Secrets enzymes to kill parasites. Number of eosinophils will also greatly increase in case of allergic reaction with much inflammation.

69
Q

Describe Natural Killer Cells (NK cells)

A

Type of lymphocyte, not part of adaptive immunity. Recognize “classes” of cells, such as tumor cells or virus infected cells, rather than a specific target. Use a variety of methods to kill target cells, including releasing chemicals that damage the plasma membrane and cause the cell to lyse

70
Q

Define local inflammation

A

An inflammatory response confined to a specific are of the body - symptoms include redness, swelling, heat due to increased blood flow and increased vascular permeability. Will also include pain cause by swelling and chemical mediators acting on pain receptors

71
Q

Define systemic inflammation

A

Inflammatory response that occurs in many parts of the body.

72
Q

Antigen

A

Substances that stimulate adaptive immunity

73
Q

Foreign antigen

A

Not produced by the body, but are introduced from outside it

74
Q

Examples of foreign antigens

A

Components of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. Pollen, animal dander, feces of dust mites, foods and drugs

75
Q

Define allergic reaction

A

An overreaction of the immune system

76
Q

Self antigens

A

Molecules the body produces to stimulate an adaptive immune system response

77
Q

Develop when self-antigens stimulate unwanted tissue destruction

A

Autoimmune disease

78
Q

Antibody-mediated immunity

A

Involves proteins called antibodies, which are found in extracellular fluids, such as the plasma of the blood, interstitial fluid, and lymph. Involves B cells

79
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

Involves T cells

80
Q

Hormone that stimulate T cell maturation

A

Thymosin

81
Q

Location of T cell formation

A

Red bone marrow

82
Q

Location of B cell formation

A

Red bone marrow

83
Q

Location of T cell maturation

A

Thymus

84
Q

Location of B cell maturation

A

Red bone marrow

85
Q

Results in survival of pre B cells and pre T cells capable of an immune response

A

Positive selection

86
Q

Small group of identical lymphocytes

A

Clones

87
Q

Process that eliminates or suppressed clones acting against self-antigens

A

Negative selection

88
Q

Lymphocytes mature into functional cells in

A

Primary lymphatic organs, red bone marrow and thymus

89
Q

General location that lymphocytes interact with each other, antigen-presenting cells, and antigens to produce an immune response

A

Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

90
Q

Antigenic determinants

A

Specific regions of an antigen

91
Q

MHC I

A

Found on uncleared cells, display antigens produced inside the cell

92
Q

MHC II

A

Found on antigen presenting calls, include B cells, macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells. Presents cell fragments that are processed into antigens after endocytosis

93
Q

Costimulation

A

Accomplished by cytokines released from cells as wells as molecules attached to the surfaces of cells

94
Q

Antibody-mediated immunity

A

Exposure to an antigen leads to activation of B cells and the production of antibodies, effective against extracellular antigens

95
Q

Memory response (secondary response)

A

Occurs when the immune system is exposed to an antigen against which isn’t has already produced a primary response

96
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

Most effective against intracellular microorganisms through the action of cytotoxic T cells.

97
Q

Effects of cytotoxic T cells

A
  1. Lyse cells

2. Produce cytokines

98
Q

Perforin

A

Chemical released by Cytotoxic T cells, forms a channel in the plasma membrane of the target cell, water then enters, causing the cell to lyse

99
Q

Active immunity

A

Results when an individual is exposed to an antigen

100
Q

Passive immunity

A

Occurs when another person or an animal develops immunity and the immunity is transferred to a nonimmune individual

101
Q

Natural exposure

A

Implies that contact with an antigen or antibody occurs as part of everyday living and is not deliberate

102
Q

Artificial exposure

A

(Immunization) deliberate introduction of an antigen or antibody into the body

Biol 224 Lecture (2 decks)

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