Chapter 22

Question 1

how did Darwin first describe evolution?

Answer 1

decent with modification

Question 2

What was Darwin’s theory on natural selection?

Answer 2

Natural Selection caused evolution

Question 3

natural selection

Answer 3

the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

Question 4

why was Darwin so important ?

Answer 4

he presented that descent with modification was cause by natural selection in his book the origin of species

Question 5

what can evolution be viewed as?

Answer 5

a pattern and a process

Question 6

who was the founder of taxonomy, the branch of biology concerned with classifying organisms?

Answer 6

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 7

who hypothesized that species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics ?

Answer 7

Lamarck

Question 8

what theorist disagreed with Darwin on the cause of evolution? Was this person proven to be correct?

Answer 8

Lamarck disagreed with Darwin he was later proven to be wrong

Question 9

paleontology

Answer 9

study of fossils

Question 10

catastrophism

Answer 10

violent events in the past occurred suddenly

Question 11

what helped Darwin lay the groundwork for his ideas?

Answer 11

fossils

Question 12

fossils

Answer 12

remains or traces of organisms from the past

Question 13

why were fossils so important in evolution?

Answer 13

• because it records the species of the past - tells when a species was made and when it disappeared

Question 14

which theorist studied fossils?

Answer 14

Cuvier

Question 15

what two theorist believed species were created by god ?

Answer 15

• Aristotle - Carolus Linnaeus

Question 16

where are fossils usually found?

Answer 16

in sedimentary rock, which appears in layers called strata

Question 17

What two theorist had strong influence on Darwin?

Answer 17

• Cuvier - Lyell

Question 18

what did Darwin believe cause evolution?

Answer 18

Natural selection caused evolution

Question 19

what does decent with modification by natural selection explain?

Answer 19

• the adaptations of organisms - the unity - diversity of life

Question 20

what were three observations about life ? (AUD)

Answer 20

• adaptation - unity of life - diversity if life

Question 21

In what way did Cuvier and Lyell’s ideas influence Darwin’s thinking?

Answer 21

Darwin agree that if geologic change results from slow, continuous actions rather than from sudden events, then the earth must be older than the widely accepted age at the time

Question 22

why was the earth’s age important to Darwin?

Answer 22

the earth had to be a certain age in order for evolution to have occured

Question 23

who concluded that life forms could be arranged on a ladder (scale) ?

Answer 23

Aristotle

Question 24

why was Lamarck ideas proven false?

Answer 24

acquired traits cannot be inherited

*This bonsai tree was “trained” to grow as a dwarf by pruning and shaping. However, seeds from this tree would produce offspring of normal size*

Question 25

adaptation

Answer 25

* traits of animals and plants suitable to environment are selected by means of natural selection * The color of the bug is very similiar to the flower. Thus making it difficult for predators to spot and eat the bug. This is an example of natural selction and adaptation.

Question 26

what are the four concept of prerequisites of natural selection anf evolution?

Answer 26

* member difference * capable of over producing, limited resources * traits inhereited * unequal ability of surving and reproducing

Question 27

member differences (summarized)

Answer 27

**observation #1** * members of a population often vary in their inherited traits * individuals in this population of beetles vary in color and spot patterm. Natural selection may act on these variation if they are, heritable and they affect the beetles ability to survive and reproduce

Question 28

capable of overproducing

Answer 28

**observation #2** * all species can produce more offspring than their environment can support * competing for resource, many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce * A single puff ball can fungus can produce billions of offspring. If all of these oppsrping survived, they would carpet the sourrounding land surface

Question 29

traits inheritred

Answer 29

inference #1 * individuals with traits favoring surviving and reproducing tend to leave more offspring * an organism might have a trait thats gives it's offspring an advantage of obtaining food, or escaping predators. when such advantages increase the number of offspring that survive and reproduce, the traits that are favored wil likely appear at a greater frequency in the next generation

Question 30

unequal ability of surving and reproducing

Answer 30

**inference #2** * accumalation of favorable traits * Even if the advantage of heritabe traits are slight, the advantageous variants will bgraduall accumalate in the population, and the less favorable variations willm diminish

Question 31

comparison of Darwin and Lamarck theories

Answer 31

**_comparison :_** * both agree that sepcies evolve * charcters are inheritable **_difference:_** * Lamarck: acquired traits are inheritable * Darwin: memeber difference exist even without use and disuse(inhereited, basis of natural selection) **_current biology:_** only characters determined by genes are inheritable

Question 32

artificial selction

Answer 32

* farmers and breeders only allowed the plants and animals with desirable characteristics to reproduce, causing evolution of farm stock. * this process is called artificial selectionbecausde people instead of natureselect which organisms get to reproduce.