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Biology 106 > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

0
Q

biological species concept

A

The definition of species based on the ability of populations to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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1
Q

morphological species concept

A

The concept that all individuals of a species share measurable traits that distinguish them form individuals of other species

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2
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

A concept that seeks to delineate species as the smallest aggregate population that can be united by shared derived characters

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3
Q

subspecies

A

a taxonomic subdivision of a species

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4
Q

ring species

A

a species with a geographical distribution that forms a ring around uninhabitable terrain

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5
Q

cline

A

a pattern of smooth variation in a characteristic along a geographical gradient

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6
Q

How do the morphological, biological, and phylogenetic concepts differ?

A

The morphological species concept defines species based on morphological differences among them. The biological species concept defines species as populations that can successfully interbreed under natural conditions. The phylogenetic species concept defines a species as a cluster of populations with a recent shared evolutionary history.

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7
Q

What is clinal variation?

A

Clinal variation is a pattern of smooth variation along a geographical gradient

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8
Q

reproductive isolating mechanism

A

a biological characteristic that prevents the gene pools of 2 species from mixing

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9
Q

prezygotic isolating mechanisms

A

A reproductive isolating mechanism that act before the production of zygote, or fertilized egg

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10
Q

postzygotic isolating mechanisms

A

a reproductive isolating mechanism that acts after zygotic formation

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11
Q

ecological isolation

A

a prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanism in which species that live in the same geographical region occupy different habitats

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12
Q

temporal isolation

A

a prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanism in which species live in the same habitat but breed at different times of day or different times of year

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13
Q

behavioral isolation

A

a prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanism in which 2 species do not mate because of differences in courtship behavior; also known as ethological isolation

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14
Q

mechanical isolation

A

a prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanism caused by differences in the structure of reproductive organs or other body parts

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15
Q

gametic isolation

A

a prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanism caused by incompatibility between the sperm of 1 species and the egg of another; may prevent fertilization

16
Q

hybrid inviability

A

a postzygotic reproductive isolating mechanism in which a hybrid individual has a low probability of survival to reproductive age

17
Q

hybrid sterility

A

a postzygotic reproductive isolating mechanism in which hybrid offspring cannot form functional gametes

18
Q

hybrid breakdown

A

a postzygotic reproductive isolating mechanism in which hybrids are capable of reproducing, but their offspring have either reduced fertility or reduced viability

19
Q

What is the difference between prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms?

A

prezygotic isolating mechanisms either prevent individuals of different species from mating or prevent sperm of one species from fertilizing the egg of another. postzygotic isolating mechanisms limit the survivorship or reporductive capability of hybrid individuals.

20
Q

When a male duck of one species preformed a courtship display to a female of another species, she interpreted his behavior as aggressive rather than amorous. What type of reproductive mechanism does this scenario illustrate?

A

The scenario illustrates a behavioral isolating mechanism

21
Q

allopatric speciation

A

the evolution of reproductive isolating mechanisms between 2 populations that are geographically separated

22
Q

species cluster

A

a group of closely related species recently descended from a common ancestor

23
Q

hybrid zones

A

a geographical area where the hybrid offspring of 2 divergent populations or species are common

24
Q

reinforcement

A

the enhancement of reproductive isolation that had begun to develop while populations were geographically separated

25
Q

parapatric speciation

A

speciation between populations with adjacent geographical distributions

26
Q

sympatric speciation

A

speciation that occurs without the geographical isolation of populations

27
Q

host race

A

a population of insects that may be reproductively isolated from other populations of the same species as a consequence of their adaptation to feed on a specific host plant species

28
Q

polypoidy

A

the condition of having one or more extra copies of the entire haploid complement of chromosomes

29
Q

What are the 2 stages required for allopatric speciation?

A

In the first stage of allopatric speciation, populations become geographically separated. in the second stage, they become reproductively isolated

30
Q

What factor appears to promote parapatric speciation in bent grass?

A

Some populations of bent grass survive better on unpolluted soil, whereas others survive better on polluted soil

31
Q

Why might insects form different host races be unlikely to mate with each other?

A

Insects from different host races spend most of their time on different host plant species. Thus, they rarely encounter each other and would be unlikely to mate under natural conditions

32
Q

autopolypoidy

A

the genetic condition of having more than 2 sets of chromosomes from the same parent species

33
Q

unreduced gametes

A

a gamete that contains the same number of chromosomes as a somatic cell

34
Q

allopolyploidy

A

the genetic condition of having 2 or more complete sets of chromosomes from different parent species

35
Q

how can natural selection promote reproductive isolation in allopatric populations?

A

natural selection cannot promote reproduction isolation in allopatric populations directly, but it can lead to genetic divergence which results in reproductive isolation

36
Q

how does polyploidy promote speciation in plants

A

polyploidy changes the number of chromosomes sets in cells of an organism. polyploidy individuals are often reproductively isolated from their parent species because their gametes contain different number of chromosomes. when a gamete from a polyploidy individual fuses with a gamete from a nonpolyploidy individual, the resulting offspring is usually sterile because the odd number of chromosomes cannot segregate properly during meiosis

Biology 106 (9 decks)

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