chapter 22 Flashcards
What was Napoleon III trying to do, both in domestic and foreign policy?
He wanted to be popular and yet also authoritarian; very active in terms of foreign policy but not always to the benefit of France; tried to allow some representative government but still remain dominant; greatly changed Paris
What were the most important changes in Russia under Alexander II and to what extent did they succeed?
Ended serfdom; created the Zemstvo (local assemblies with some self-governing power and enormous potential); judicial reforms; military reforms (other reforms were to aid in military reform); reform movement lost steam in the late 60s and in the 70s
How methods did Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861) use in his efforts to unite Italy and to what extent was he successful?
Deliberate effort to make Piedmont attractive to other Italian states; also sought the assistance of Napoleon III; partially successful
What was the role of Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) in the unification of Italy?
Garibaldi brought to the new Italian kingdom a vast area in the south that had not originally been part of the plan
How was Italian unification completed?
In the wake of German unification, Italy grabbed first Venetia and then Rome
What did Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) do to resolve the constitutional crisis of the 1860s?
Found ways to justify the army reforms through wars that rearranged Germany and made Prussia more powerful; originally was working for the Hohenzollern dynasty and Prussia and (although he never voiced it) himself
How did Bismarck understand Realpolitik and Machtpolitik?
In the 1860s and early 1870s Bismarck saw them as complementary; after the formation of the German Empire practicing Realpolitik often meant refraining from Machtpolitik
How did German unification affect the Habsburg Empire?
The Habsburg Empire became a dual monarchy - Austria-Hungary
What was the importance of the Second Reform Bill (1867) for Britain?
Another movement toward universal male suffrage; House of Commons becoming more powerful and the governmental system more truly representative; encouraged most British to believe a constitutional monarchy based on parliamentary power would resolve issues in an orderly way
What did John Stuart Mill emphasize in On Liberty (1859)?
Argued against mass opinion suppressing the ideas of the individual; important to allow people to think and argue; against conformism; only rarely could a person be made to do something for the public good
What was the role of Harriet Taylor Mill in the writing of The Subjection of Women (1869) and what position did she and Mill take regarding rights for women?
Advocated rights for women; very much in advance of the opinions of the day; heavily influenced by Harriet Taylor Mill; perhaps in some ways her book more than Mill’s
What were the main ideas advanced by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto?
Struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat is the latest example of class struggles determining the shape of history; in this case, it will end in a revolution by the very numerous and powerful proletariat who will defeat the shrinking and declining bourgeoisie and create a classless society
What were the repercussions of Charles Darwin’s ideas on natural selection in areas outside of the natural sciences?
Darwin’s ideas about advantageous natural variants leading to environmental adaptations and the “survival of the fit” was applied to politics, economics, social issues with unfortunate results, which included scientific racism and imperialism
