Chapter 22 Flashcards
What is hPL and what are its affect? When does it start secretion and when does it peak?
Produced from the chorion
Effects include:
Development of breast tissue for lactation.
Deposition of protein in tissues
Regulation of metabolism:
Decreases use of glucose by mother, leaving more available to fetus.
Releases fatty acids from fat deposits, providing an alternative source of energy for the mother’s metabolism.
Increases with placenta and starts at 8 days and peaks at 32 weeksn
What is FSH secreted by, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site in females?
- Anterior pituitary gland
- FSH targets the ovarian follicle
- FSH stimulates one primary oocyte to
undergo Meiosis I once every month; it begins new cycle by maturing
follicle and ends previous cycle through
menstruation.
What are the functions of the reproductive system?
Producing gametes
Transporting gametes
Maintaining gametes
Maintaining developing zygote/fetus
Producing sex hormones: testosterone (M), Estrogen (F), and Progesterone (F)
What is LH secreted by, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site in females?
- anterior pituitary gland
- It targets the ovarian follicle
- When the folice is mature LH causes the follicle to burst, releasing a secondary follicle.
Where is hCG from and what are its affect? When can it be detected and when does it peak?
From chorion of placenta.
Stimulates continued secretion of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum (mimics LH).
Can be detected by Day 9
Peaks at about Week 9
Where is relaxin released and what does it do?
Released from the placenta and ovaries to assist in parturition.
Relaxes the pubic symphysis and ligaments.
Dilates uterine cervix.
What type of fluid do the seminal vesicle produce?
Secretes an alkaline fluid that is rich in nutrients (fructose).
Located at the vas deferens
Contains prostaglandins to help with uterine contractions.
What is the role of FSH in the28 day cycle?
FSH is secreted from Day 0-14 of the female cycle and causes several events.
- Primary oocyte enlarges and undergoes meiosis I (becomes secondary oocyte).
Maturing follicle secretes estrogen ( 1 to 14 days)
what does the Folicle stimulating hormone stimulate?
- FSH stimulates spermatogenesis in the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules.
- After puberty, each FSH stimulates one primordial follicle to mature.
- At puberty, once very month, FSH stimulates one primary oocyte to undergo Meiosis I.
What is a Zygote?
Zygote is a single, diploid cell (contains 2 sets of chromosomes).
List and define the three layers of the uterus.
Endometrium – the inner mucosal layer.
Myometrium – thick, muscular layer composed of smooth muscle.
Perimetrium – outer layer which covers the body of the uterus.
What is the proccess of spermatogenesis?
sperm production starts at puberty and will continue throughout life.
sperm produced at the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules
What neuroendocrine control pathway does the development of sperm follow?
Hypothalamus —-> GnRH —–> Ant. Pituitary —> LH and FSH
What is the role of LH in the 28 day cycle?
LH leads to ovulation
A surge of LH on day 14 of female cycle results in:
LH targets the mature secondary follicle and causes it to burst and the secondary oocyte to be released into a fallopian tube.
The follicle becomes the corpus luteum.
The corpus luteum secretes the hormone, progesterone.
How many successive divisions are in meiosis and when are they performed?
- Meiosis contains two successive divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II
- Performed only during gametogenesis.
What are testes?
The primary male sex organs which produce sperm and sex hormones are the testes
List the steps of Oogenesis
Oogonia- 46 chromosomes
Primordial Follicle (Primary oocytes)- 46 chromosomes
seconday oocytes-23 chromosomes
ovum-23 chromosoms
What is GnRh secreted by, what does it target, and what are its effects at it’s target site in females?
- Hypothalamus
- GnRH targets the anterior pituitary gland
- The anterior puititary gland then secretes FSH on Day 0 of the menstration cycle.
Define the fallopian tubes
Tubes which connect the ovaries to the uterus
Inner living is covered with cilia to aid in oocyte movement.
Usual site of fertilization.
Define infundibulum
Distal ends of fallopian tube that form a funnel-shpaed projection over the ovary.
Contain extensions called fibriae.
What are the characteristics of testes?
Each lobule contains:
Seminiferous Tubules
Sertoli Cells
Leydig Cells
What is a gamete?
A mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
What is pregnancy?
If implantation does occur by Day 24, the
corpus luteum continues to secrete
progesterone to maintain the developing
embryo, until the placenta is formed.
What is menstration and what hormones are involved?
Menstration is the process of the corpus luteum degenerating, and the removal of the newly developed endometrial wall.
During this proces the levels of of progesterone and estrogen decline.
