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Bio112 > Chapter 21 Protist evolution and Diversity > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Protist evolution and Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nutrition type for Algae?

A

photosynthetic

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2
Q

What is the nutrition type of Protozoans?

A

heterotrophic

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3
Q

What does the word protozoan mean? (proto meaning what? zoan meaning what?

A

proto → early

zoan → animal

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4
Q

What is the most common form of reproduction among protist?

A

Asexual reproduction

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5
Q

When do protists typically undego sexual reproduction?

A

unfavorable environments (high temperatures, acidity, etc)

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6
Q

Why would protists undego sexual reproduction is asexual reproduction is generally easier?

A

genetic diversity increase survival rate

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7
Q

What are photoautotrophs and why are they important?

A

They produce oxygen and form as the foundation of foodchain is fresh/saltwater ecosystem

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8
Q

What are plankton and their importance?

A

Plankton are photoautotrophs suspended in water

Serve as food for heterotrophic protists and animnals (eaten by whales the largest animal)

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9
Q

Are protists monophyletic or polyphyletic and what does it mean?

A

Protists are polyphyletic meaning that protists come from various evolutionary lineages

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10
Q

What makes the Excavata supergroup unique?

A

Atypical or absent mitochondria

flagella and/or excavated feeding groove

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11
Q

Characteristics between diplomonad and parabasalids?

A

Single-celled endosymbionts

Lack mitochondria- so fermentation is used

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12
Q

Unique characteristic of Diplomonad? Supergroup it belongs to?

A

2 nuclei and two sets of flagella

Excavata

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13
Q

What disease is caused by Diplomonads?

A

Giardia Lamblia - causes severe diarrhea

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14
Q

What is the unique characteristic of Parabasalids? Supergroup?

A

unique flagella fibrous connection between golgi apparatus

Excavata

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15
Q

Unique characteristics of Euglenozoans? Supergroup?

A

no cell wall, protein covering

Excavata

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16
Q

Unique characteristic of kinetoplastids? Supergroup?

A

Kinetoplast: large mass DNA in mitochondria

Excavata

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17
Q

What supergroup doe Eulglenids belong to?

A

Excavata

17
Q

What are tryanosomes and what disease do they cause?

A

Tryanosomes are parasites of kinetoplastid

18
Q

What source of energy do Euglenids use? What are some unique characteristics?

A

They’re mixotrophic. Have flagella, pellicle and an eyespot

19
Q

What are the unique characteristics of Alveolates? Which supergroup do they belong to?

A

alveoli (air sacs) beneath plasma membrane

single-cellular

19
Q

Unique characteristics of dinoflagellates? Which clade and supergroup do they belong to?

A

2 flagella in groves of cellulose plate- one acts as rudder, the other causes the cell to spin as it moves forward

Alveolates/ Chromalveolata

20
Q

What is the term for endosymbiont dinoflagellate?

A

zooxanthellae

21
Q

What species of dinoflagellate causes red tide? and what are the symtoms?

A

alexandrium catanella

causes respiratory paralysis in humans

21
Q

What disease is caused by Plasmodium spp? How is it transmitted? Clade?

A

Malaria/transmitted by mosquitoes. Infects blood cells

Apicomplexans

22
Q

Characteristics of Apicomplexans? Which diseases does it cause? Clade?

A

non-motile
spore-forming
parasites of animals

apicoplast- organelle that penetrates host cell

causes malaria in humans

Alveolate

23
Q

Characteristics of brown algae? Clade?

A

multicellular with carotenoid pigments

found in colder ocean waters near rocky costs

some small some larger 200m or more

Marine env. structures: stipe and holdfast

Stramenopile

23
Q

Unique characteristics of Ciliates? Clade?

A

Most diverse group

Uses cilia for movement or feeding

2 types of nuclei:

micronuclei: reproduction (conjugation)

macronucleus: controls normal cell’s metabolism

Alveolate

24
Q

What are two common intertidal seaweads belongin to Brown algae clade?

A

Laminaria and Fucus

24
Q

What supergroup does stramenopiles belong to?

A

Chromalveolata

25
Q

Characteristic of diatoms? Clade?

A

Photosynthetic

Two-part shell made of silica called theca

Make up large portion of plankton

Reproduce sexually and asexually

Diatomaceous earth

Stramenopile

26
Q

What is diatomaceous earth used for?

A

filtering agent

soundproofing material

polishing abrasive

27
Q

Characteristic of Foraminiferans? Supergroup?

A

skeleton known as test

pseudopods extend through opening in test

used to index fossils to date sedimentary rock

Rhizaria

28
Q

Characteristics of Radiolarians? Supergroup?

A

test comprised of silicon (indicates oil deposits on land and sea)

fossils date back to Precambrian

29
Q

Characteristics of red algae? What is it used for by humans? Supergroup?

A

multicellular seaweads

red and blue accessory pigments

live in warmer seawater some depths 70m or more

Agar- capsule for drugs, comsetics

carrageenan- emulsifying agent used to produce chocholate and cosmetics

Porphyra blades are procesed to be the reddish-black wrappings on sushi

Archaeplastida

30
Q

Characteristics of green algae? Supergroup?

A

live in oceans, freshwater, snowbanks, treebard, back of turtles

many symbionts with fungi, plants or animals

cell wall made of cellulose, store starch, have chlorophyll a and b

land plants thought to deribve from charaphytes

Archaeplastida

30
Q

How does red algae compare to brown aglae?

A

red alage are smaller and more delicate than brown algae

31
Q

Characteristic of Volvox? clade?

A

colonial

each cell divides asexually to form daughter colony

chlorophyte

32
Q

When conditions are favorable for Chlorophyte? Chlamydomonas?

A

exist as haploid, reproduce asexually

Chlamydomonas: tiny chlorophyte that inhabits still freshwater

32
Q

Characteristics of Ulva? Clade?

A

multicellular green-algae

commonly called sea-lettuce

charaphytes

32
Q

Characteristics of spirogya? Clade?

A

unbranched charophyte

found in green masses on surfaces of ponds and streams

sexual reproduction by conjugation

33
Q

Characteristics of Unikonts? Supergroup?

A

Move and feed by pseudopodia, usually freshwater

Amoebozoans

Bio112 (2 decks)

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