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Week 1 - Neurons and Neuronal Signalling > Chapter 2.1 - Neurons and Neuronal Signaling > Flashcards

Chapter 2.1 - Neurons and Neuronal Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main types of cells in the nervous system?

A

Neurons and glial cells

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2
Q

Who deduced that neurons take in information and make a decision about it?

A

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

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3
Q

What class of cell varies in their form, location, and interconnectivity within the nervous system?

A

Neurons

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4
Q

How many neurons are in the human brain?

A

89 Billion

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5
Q

Which neuroscientist designed the first remote controlled neural implants?

A

Jose Delgado

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6
Q

Who understood that the nervous system uses electrochemical signaling for communication?

A

Jose Delgado

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7
Q

Inside the brain, neurons and their long-distance projections (axons) form:

A

Intricate wiring patterns

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8
Q

There are roughly as many ______ cells in the brain as there are neurons?

A

Glial

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9
Q

The central nervous system has three main types of glial cells:

A

Astrocytes, microglial and oligodendrocytes

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10
Q

What type of glial cells surround neurons and are in close contact with the brains vasculature?

A

Astrocytes

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11
Q

What permits astrocytes to transport ions across the vascular wall?

A

Contact with blood vessels at specialisations called end feet

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12
Q

What type of barrier do astrocytes create between the tissues of the nervous system and the blood?

A

Blood-brain barrier (BBB)

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13
Q

Many drugs and certain neuroactive agents, including dopamine and norepinephrine cannot cross the:

A

Blood-brain barrier (BBB)

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14
Q

The BBB plays a vital role in protecting the:

A

Central nervous system

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15
Q

Neuronal activity is moderated by _______activity?

A

Astrocyte

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16
Q

What type of neuron directly or indirectly regulates the reuptake of neurotransmitters?

A

Astrocytes

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17
Q

What type of cell forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cell

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18
Q

What is squeezed out of the glial cell in the process of myelin formation?

A

Cytoplasm

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19
Q

______ is a good electrical insulator and speeds up, increases the distance of information travelling across a neuron

A

Myelin

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20
Q

What type of glial cells devour and remove damaged cells?

A

Microglial

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21
Q

What types of cells can proliferate in adults (unlike other cells in the central nervous system)?

A

Microglial

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22
Q

What is another word for a cell body in a neuron

A

Soma

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23
Q

Neuron cell structures (ie nucleus, mitochondria) are suspended in what fluid?

A

Cytoplasm

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24
Q

Cytoplasm is made up of what?

A

Ions, predominantly potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium as well as other molecules such as proteins

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25
Q

Two predominant cellular components unique to neurons are?

A

Dendrites and the axon

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26
Q

Most dendrites have _______, which are little knobs attached by small necks to the surface of the dendrites

A

Spines

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27
Q

The axon structure of the neuron represents the _____ side of the neuron

A

Output

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28
Q

Transmission of electrical or chemical signals occurs at what part of the neuron?

A

The synapse

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29
Q

What is an axon collateral?

A

Where an axon branches to transmit signals to more than one cell

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30
Q

Evenly spaced gaps in the myelin sheath are called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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31
Q

Explain neuronal signaling?

A

The process of neurons receiving, evaluating, and transmitting information

32
Q

What are signaling molecules?

A

Neurotransmitters

33
Q

Chemical synapses occur when information transfers across synapses, typically mediated chemically by?

A

Neurotransmitters

34
Q

At an electrical synapse, signals between neurons travel via transsynaptic: ________

A

Electrical currents

35
Q

At resting potential, the inside of the cell is more ________ charged than the outside of the cell

A

Negatively

36
Q

Voltages within the cell depend on the concentration of potassium, sodium, and chloride, as well as on _________

A

Charged protein molecules both within and outside of the cell

37
Q

About how many millivolts (mv) is resting potential within a neuron?

A

-70mv

38
Q

What makes up the bulk of the neuronal membrane?

A

A bilayer of fatty lipid molecules that separate the cytoplasm from the extracellular milieu

39
Q

The neuronal membrane is made up of fatty lipid bilayer, as well as transmembrane ________

A

Proteins

40
Q

What does Neuroglia mean?

A

Nerve glue

41
Q

Glial cells contribute to neural signaling via the production of ________

A

Myelin sheath

42
Q

Which glial cell removes damaged cells as part of the nervous systems immune response?

A

Microglial

43
Q

What cells are the basic building blocks of the nervous system?

A

Neurons

44
Q

What part of the neuron produces energy and chemical substances?

A

The soma (cell body)

45
Q

What part of the neuron receives information from other neurons?

A

The dendrites

46
Q

What part of the neuron transmits information to other neurons?

A

The axon

47
Q

The asymmetrical distribution of ions across a membrane results in resting __________

A

Membrane potentials

48
Q

When does neuron signaling (involving action potentials) occur?

A

When the sum of multiple EPSP’s cause the membrane potential to pass a threshold

49
Q

Action potentials jump from the _________ to the nodes of Ranvier

A

Axon hillock

50
Q

Astrocytes form the _______, oligodendrocytes create ______ and ______cells in the Peripheral Nervous System, microglia remove ______

A

Blood brain barrier, myelin, Schwann, damaged cells

51
Q

What transmembrane proteins serve as conduits for ions to move across the neuronal membrane?

A

Ion Channels and Ion Pumps

52
Q

Ion channels found in neurons form transmembrane passageways and selectively permit one type of _______ to pass through the membrane

A

Ion

53
Q

Neuronal ion channels are selective for what ions?

A

Sodium, potassium, calcium, or chloride ions (Na+, K+, Ca(2)+, and Cl-, respectively

54
Q

The neuronal membrane is more permeable to Potassium or Sodium?

A

Potassium (K+)

55
Q

Why is neuronal membrane permeability to Potassium (K+) larger than other ions?

A

Because there are many more Potassium (K+) selective channels than any other type of ion channel

56
Q

Neurons are excitable, which means that their ________

A

Membrane permeability can change

57
Q

In response to nearby transmembrane voltage, or chemical/physical stimuli, gated ion channels _________

A

Open and close

58
Q

Ion channels that always allow their associated ion to pass through are known as ________ ion channels

A

Nongated

59
Q

Under normal conditions, Na+ and Cl- concentrations are greater inside or outside the cell?

A

Outside

60
Q

Under normal conditions, K+ concentrations are greater inside or outside the cell?

A

Inside

61
Q

Inside and outside voltages of neurons are different because the membrane is more permeable to _______ than to _______.

A

K+ than to Na+

62
Q

The force of the K+ concentration gradient pushes K+ out of the cell, leaving the inside of the neuron slightly more ______ than the outside

A

Negative

63
Q

The difference in voltage between the inside and outside of the neuron creates an Electrical _________

A

Gradient

64
Q

The resting membrane potential can be calculated if the ___________ of ions is known

A

Concentration

65
Q

________ cause ionic currents to flow through the volume of the neurons cell body

A

EPSP’s

66
Q

Passive current conduction is called __________

A

Electrotonic conduction or decremental conduction

67
Q

The maximum distance a passive current can flow in a neuron
is ______

A

1 millimeter

68
Q

What structure is small enough for a neuron-to-neuron communication via decremental conduction?

A

The retina

69
Q

The lipid membrane maintains the separation of intracellular and extracellular ions and _________ charge, that ultimately permits neuronal communication

A

Electrical

70
Q

Ion ______ are proteins with a pore in the center that allow certain ions to flow down their electrochemical and concentration gradients

A

Channels

71
Q

Ion ______ are proteins that use energy to actively transport ions across the membrane against their concentration gradients, from regions of low concentration to higher concentration

A

Pumps

72
Q

Ion pumps use _____ as an energy source to transport ions across the membrane

A

Adenosine Tri-phosphate

73
Q

Who is the “Father of Neuroscience”

A

Santiago Ramon y Cajal (pathologist)

74
Q

What types of cell senses changes in the environment, transmits information to other neurons and commands the body’s response?

A

Neuron

75
Q

What type of cell insulates, supports and nourishes neighboring neurons?

A

Glia

76
Q

Resting Membrane Potential in neurons is maintained by

A

Ion Channels

Week 1 - Neurons and Neuronal Signalling (2 decks)

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