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advance patho > Chapter 21: Endocrine system function > Flashcards

Chapter 21: Endocrine system function Flashcards

1
Q

5 functions of endocrine system

A
  1. differentiation of reproductive and CNS system in fetus
  2. stimulation of sequential growth and development
  3. coordination of male and female reproductive systems
  4. maintenance of optimal internal environment
  5. initiation of corrective and adaptive responses
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2
Q

3 basic secretion patterns

A
  1. circadian or diurnal pattern
  2. pulsatile and cyclic
  3. patterns that depend on levels of circulating substrates
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3
Q

Most common mechanism for regulation of hormone release

A

negative feedback

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4
Q

Transport of protein hormones

A

Water soluble
Circulate in unbound forms
Short half life
Can not cross membranes–require a receptor to bind

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5
Q

Transport of lipid hormones

A

Transported via carrier protein

Can cross membranes

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6
Q

Target cell response depends on

A

Blood levels of hormone, concentration of receptors, affinity of receptor for hormone

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7
Q

Upregulation

A

Low concentration of hormone increase the number of receptors per cell

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8
Q

Downregulation

A

High concentration of hormone decrease the number of receptors per cell

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9
Q

HPA

A

Contains hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

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10
Q

What is synthesized by hypothalamus

A

ADH + oxytocin

Releasing and inhibiting hormones: PIH, PRH, TRH, GnRH, somatostatin, GHRH, CRH, Substance P

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11
Q

How do ADH and oxytocin travel to posterior pituitary

A

via hypothalamohypophysial nerve tract

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12
Q

2 cell types in anterior pituitary

A

Chromophobes: nonsecretory
Chromophils: secretory

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13
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Affect physiologic function of specific target hormones

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14
Q

Hormones produced and secreted by anterior pituitary

A

ACTH, melanocyte stimulating hormone, LH, FSH, TSH, GH, Prolactin

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15
Q

GH is controlled by what hypothalamic hormones

A

GHRH: Increases GH secretion
Somatostatin: decreases GH secretion

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16
Q

What increases synthesis and release of prolactin

A

Stimulation of nipples and mammary gland during nursing

Serotonin + GF also stimulate

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17
Q

What inhibits prolactin

A

Dopamine

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18
Q

What does posterior pituitary secrete

A

ADH and oxytocin

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19
Q

Major stimulus for release of ADH and oxytocin

A

Glutamate

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20
Q

Major inhibitor for release of ADH and oxytocin

A

GABA

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21
Q

ADH also called

A

Arginine vasopressin

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22
Q

ADH action

A

acts on vasopressin receptors of kidney to increase permeability to increase water reabsorption into blood

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23
Q

What inhibits ADH

A

Increased Ca, prostaglandin E, hypokalemia

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24
Q

What regulates secretion of ADH

A

Osmoreceptors of hypothalamus and baroreceptors in left atrium

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25
Q

What causes ADH secretion to decrease

A

high blood volume, hypertension, estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II, alcohol

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26
Q

Pineal gland

A

Releases melatonin in response to dark

Tryptophan–>serotonin–>melatonin

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27
Q

What directly affects secretion of thyroid hormones

A

Ach and catecholamines

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28
Q

C cells in thyroid secrete

A

Calcitonin

Causes decrease in serum Ca by inhibiting osteoclast activity

29
Q

What causes increase in TRH

A

Exposure to cold or stress

30
Q

TSH is synthesized and stored in

A

Anterior pituitary

31
Q

Thyroid hormone affects

A

Metabolic, neurologic, CV, respiratory, cell metabolism, heat production, O2 consumption

32
Q

Increase in TH will cause

A

Increase in contractile proteins, increase in RR, increase in bone resorption, increased heat production

33
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Regulates serum calcium concentration

Released in acute hypocalcemia–stimulates osteoclasts

34
Q

PTH acts on kidneys

A

To increase Ca reabsorption and decrease phosphate reabsorption

35
Q

Alpha cells

A

Secrete glucagon

36
Q

Glucagon

A

Antagonist to insulin
Increase blood glucose during fasting, exercise, hypoglycemia
Acts on liver to increase blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis

37
Q

Glucagon stimulated by

A

Low blood glucose and SNS

38
Q

Beta cells secrete

A

Insulin and amylin

39
Q

C peptide

A

Can be measured in the blood as an indirect measure of serum insulin synthesis

40
Q

Factors increasing insulin secretion

A

Increased blood glucose, GI hormones, amino acids

41
Q

Factors decreasing insulin secretion

A

Decreased blood glucose, increased insulin, SNS, prostaglandins

42
Q

Net effect of insulin

A

Stimulate protein and fat synthesis and decrease blood glucose

43
Q

What organs do not require insulin for glucose uptake

A

Brain, RBC, kidneys, lens of eye

44
Q

Insulin and K+

A

Facilitates K+ entry into cell

45
Q

Amylin

A

Co-secreted with insulin
Regulates blood glucose by delaying gastric emptying and suppressing glucagon secretion after meals
Has an anti hyperglycemic effect

46
Q

Delta cells secrete

A

Gastin and samatostatin

47
Q

Samatostatin

A

Essential for carb, protein, fat metabolism

Inhibits insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide

48
Q

F cells secrete

A

pancreatic polypeptide

49
Q

Pancreatic polypeptide

A

Released in response to hypoglycemia and protein rich meals

Promotes gastric secretion

50
Q

Adrenal cortex is stimulated by

A

ACTH

51
Q

What hormones does adrenal cortex secrete

A

Glucocorticoids and aldosterone and adrenal estrogen/androgens

52
Q

Fx of glucocorticoids

A

Anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, growth suppressing

53
Q

Glucocorticoids are released under what conditions

A

Stress

54
Q

What do glucocorticoids do

A

Increase blood glucose by promoting gluconeogenesis in liver and antagonizing insulin to deliver more glucose to the brain
Causes protein catabolism and muscle wasting
Suppresses innate and adaptive immunity
Inhibits bone formation and ADH
Stimulates gastric acid secretion

55
Q

Pathologically high levels of glucocorticoids causes

A

Increase in RBCs, increased appetite, fat deposition promotion, increased uric acid excretion, decreased serum Ca, decreased ACTH, decreased somatic growth

56
Q

Aldosterone

A

Causes sodium retention and K+/H+ loss by increasing Na pump of epithelial cells in kidney

57
Q

Synthesis/secretion of aldosterone regulated by

A

RAAS

activated by Na/H2O depletion, increased K+ and decreased blood volume

58
Q

Primary stimulant of aldosterone

A

Angiotensin II

59
Q

Degradation and excretion of aldosterone

A

Degraded in liver, excreted by kidneys

60
Q

What does adrenal medulla secrete

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

61
Q

What triggers release of catecholamines

A

Physiologic stress through Ach

62
Q

Aging and thyroid gland

A

Atrophy and fibrosis, TSH increases slightly, peripheral metabolism of TH decreased

63
Q

Aging and pancreas

A

Impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes common, increased distribution of fat tissue

64
Q

Aging and GH

A

Decreased
Decrease in muscle size and function
Decrease in fat and bone mass

65
Q

Aging and adrenal cortex

A

Atrophy
More fibrous tissue
Metabolic clearance of cortisol is decreased

66
Q

Somatopause

A

Decrease in growth hormone and insulin like growth factor that occurs with aging

67
Q

Permissive effect

A

Hormone induced changes that facilitate the maximal response or functioning of a cell

68
Q

Incretins

A

Released by GI tract and act to decrease postprandial blood glucose concentration

69
Q

Storage of thyroid hormones

A

Thyroid gland can store about 2 months worth of thyroid hormone at a time

advance patho (5 decks)

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