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Anatomy Exam 3 > Chapter 21 Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Blood Flashcards

0
Q

What are the two main components of blood?

A

Plasma

Formed elements

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1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A 
Transport
Maintenance of body temp
Acid/base balance
Maintenance of blood volume
Defense
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2
Q

Approximately what percentage of your blood is comprised of plasma?

A

On average, a little over 50%

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3
Q

What are the four main proteins in plasma?

A

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Regulatory proteins

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4
Q

Proteins that are major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma; transport lipids and steroid hormones are what type of proteins?

A

Albumins

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5
Q

Proteins that transport ions, hormones, lipids; immune function, and are effectively known as antibodies are what type of proteins?

A

Globulins

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6
Q

This protein is an essential component of the clotting system

A

Fibrinogen

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7
Q

Enzymes, proenzymes and hormones are known as…..

A

Regulatory proteins

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8
Q

What is Serum?

A

Serum is plasma WITHOUT clotting proteins

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9
Q

What are the three main categories of other solutes that are found in plasma?

A

Electrolytes
Organic nutrients
Organic wastes

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10
Q

Sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride are all examples of what?

A

Electrolytes

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11
Q

These are used for ATP production, growth and maintenance of cells

A

Organic nutrients

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12
Q

These are carried to sites of breakdown or excretion and include urea, bilirubin, creatinine and uric acid

A

Organic wastes

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13
Q

Most of the proteins found in plasma are made where in the body?

A

Liver

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14
Q

What three things comprise the formed elements?

A

Platelets
White blood cells
Red blood cells

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15
Q

What is another name for a red blood cell?

A

Erythrocytes

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16
Q

How do red blood cells travel through the body that makes them very efficient?

A

They are stacked

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17
Q

Why is it important that red blood cells have their biconcave disc shape?

A

So that they can bend or twist to pass through small spaces, ex. Capillaries

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18
Q

T/F most oxygen is carried by white blood cells in the body.

A

F. RBC’s carry most of the oxygen in the body

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19
Q

What protein allows RBCs to carry oxygen so efficiently?

A

Hemoglobin

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20
Q

Hemoglobin is comprised of 4 ____ molecules.

A

Heme

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21
Q

What is found in heme molecules that specifically bind to oxygen?

A

Iron

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22
Q

What does oxygen saturation measure?

A

It measures the oxygen concentration in the blood

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23
Q

What is the condition called when your oxygen saturation is below 90%?

A

Hypoxemia

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24
Q

Where are all RBCs made?

A

Red bond marrow

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25
Q

What is the common stem cell by which all Blood cells arise from?

A

Hemocytoblsst

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26
Q

What is the common daughter cell by which all Red blood cells arise from?

A

Myeloid stem cells

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27
Q

Maturation of a myeloid cell into a mature red blood cell is called….

A

Erythropoiesis

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28
Q

What is a unique event that occurs during erythropoiesis that happens to no other blood cell maturation?

A

The nucleus is ejected from the cell

29
Q

How long do RBCs circulate in the blood?

A

About 4 months

30
Q

When hemoglobin is broken apart, iron gets recycled, but what are the heme molecules broken down to?

A

Bilirubin

31
Q

What organ disposes of bilirubin, and what condition arises if it is not disposed of?

A

Liver

Jaundice

32
Q

What is the hormone made by the kidney which promotes the creation of RBCs?

A

Erythropoietin

33
Q

What does CBC stand for?

A

Completed Blood Count

34
Q

An estimate of how much of your blood is taken up by blood cells is known as what?

A

Hematocrit

35
Q

T/F hematocrit percentage is higher in males than females.

A

True

36
Q

Glycosylated hemoglobin above 6% can be a possible indicator of what?

A

Diabetes

37
Q

High hematocrit is known as ….

A

Polycythemia

38
Q

Low hematocrit is known as…..

A

Anemia

39
Q

Average level of hematocrit in males is between what 2 percentages?

A

40-50%

40
Q

Another name for white blood cells

A

Leukocytes

41
Q

Diapedesis refers to….

A

The ability to squeeze through walls of blood vessels

42
Q

What is it called to be attracted to chemical stimuli?

A

Chemotaxis

43
Q

What are white blood cells mostly involved in?

A

Body defense and clean up

44
Q

How many different types of white blood cells are there?

A

5

45
Q

What are the three categories of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

46
Q

What are the two categories of agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

47
Q

What cell type?

Nucleus is multilobed, inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules

A

Neutrophil

48
Q

What are the functions of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytize bacteria

49
Q

What cell type?

Nucleus bilobed; red cytoplasmic granules

A

Eosinophil

50
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Kill parasitic worms

Inactivate some inflammatory chemicals of allergy

51
Q

What cell type?

Nucleus lobed; large purplish-black cytoplasmic granules

A

Basophil

52
Q

Function of basophils

A

Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin, an anticoagulant

53
Q

Cell type?

Nucleus spherical or indented; pale blue cytoplasm

A

Lymphocyte

54
Q

Functions of lymphocytes

A

Mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies

55
Q

Cell type?

Nucleus U or kidney shaped; gray-blue cytoplasm

A

Monocyte

56
Q

Function of monocytes

A

Phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in the tissues

57
Q

65% of all white blood cells are of which type?

A

Neutrophils * double check

58
Q

20-25% of all white blood cells are of which type?

A

Lymphocytes *double check

59
Q

Lymphocytes come from daughter cells called….

A

Lymphoid stem cells

60
Q

Maturation of daughter cells into mature white blood cells is called….

A

Leukopoiesis

61
Q

Low white blood cell count is known as….

A

Leukopenia

62
Q

Causes of leukopenia?

A

Diseases such as AIDS, chickenpox, influenza, measles, mumps, polio
Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunosuppressive drugs

63
Q

High white blood count is known as….

A

Leukocytosis

64
Q

Causes of leukocytosis

A

Usually result of infection or other physiological stress

65
Q

Cancer of the blood or bone marrow that leads to too many white blood cells is known as….

A

Leukemia

66
Q

Two main types of leukemia

A

Myeloid/granulocytic

Lymphoid/lymphocytic

67
Q

Cell fragments found in the blood are known as….

A

Platelets

68
Q

What are platelets primarily used for?

A

Clotting, homeostasis

69
Q

Low platelet count is known as…

A

Thrombocytopenia

Anatomy Exam 3 (2 decks)

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