Chapter 21 B

Question 1

Intelligentsia

Answer 1

Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class, nineteenth-century group bent on radical change in Russian political and social system; often wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West

Question 2

Anarchists

Answer 2

Political groups seeking abolition of all formal government; formed in many parts of Europe and the Americas in late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; particularly prevalent in Russia, opposing tsarist autocracy and becoming a terrorist movement responsible for the assassination of Alexander II in 1881

Question 3

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (1870-1924

Answer 3

Better known as Lenin; most active Russian Marxist leader; insisted on importance of disciplined revolutionary cells; leader of Bolshevik Revolution of 1917

Question 4

Bolsheviks

Answer 4

Literally, the majority party, the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution.

Question 5

Duma

Answer 5

National parliament created in Russia I the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II; failed to forestall further revolution

Question 6

Stolypin reforms

Answer 6

Reforms introduced by the Russian interior minister Piotr Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry

Question 7

Kulaks [Koo-laks]

Answer 7

Agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land

Question 8

Terakoya

Answer 8

Commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan to teach reading, writing, and the rudiments of Confucianism; resulted in high literacy rate, approaching 40 percent, of Japanese males

Question 9

Dutch Studies

Answer 9

Group of Japanese scholars interested in implications of Western science and technology beginning in the seventeenth century; urged freer exchange with West; based studies on the few Dutch texts available in Japan

Question 10

Matthew Perry (1794-1858)

Answer 10

American commodore who visited Edo Bay with American fleet in 1853; insisted on opening ports to American trade on threat of naval bombardment; won rights for American trade with Japan in 1854.

Question 11

Diet (DEYE-iht)

Answer 11

Japanese parliament established as part of the constitution of 1889; part of Meiji reforms; could pass laws and approved budgets; able to advise government, but not to control it

Question 12

Zaibatsu

Answer 12

Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization

Question 13

Sino-Japanese War

Answer 13

War fought between Japan and Qing China between 1894 and 1895; resulted in Japanese victory; frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western insistence that Japan withdraw from Liaodong peninsula

Question 14

Yellow peril

Answer 14

Derogatory Western term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900