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Medical Career > Chapter 21 And 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 And 22 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What happens when homeostasis is not maintained in the body?

A

Diseases develop in the body

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2
Q

What can occur if chemicals within a cell change the DNA?

A

The cell can become cancerous

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3
Q

Name three body conditions that must remain within a stable range.

A
  • Body Temperature
  • Blood Pressure
  • Concentration of various chemicals within the blood
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4
Q

What is the scientific term for body structure?

A

Anatomy

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5
Q

What is the study of the function of the body’s organs called?

A

Physiology

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6
Q

What does DNA represent in a cell?

A

The genetic makeup of the cell

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7
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

The relative consistency of the body’s internal environment

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8
Q

What types of matter are included in the body?

A
  • Liquids
  • Solids
  • Gases
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9
Q

What is the simplest level of structural organization in the body?

A

The chemical level

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10
Q

What are the four most common atoms in the body?

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
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11
Q

What are molecules made up of?

A

Atoms that bond together

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12
Q

Give two examples of molecules that consist of hundreds of atoms.

A
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
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13
Q

What do molecules join together to form?

A

Organelles

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14
Q

What are organelles combined to form?

A

Cells

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15
Q

Name four types of cells mentioned.

A
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells)
  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
  • Neurons (nerve cells)
  • Adipocytes (fat cells)
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16
Q

What are the smallest living units in the body?

A

Cells

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms.

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17
Q

What do similar types of cells organize to form?

A

Tissues

Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

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18
Q

What do two or more tissues combine to form?

A

Organs

Organs are structures made up of two or more types of tissues working together.

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19
Q

What are the four major tissue types in the body?

A
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue

These tissue types serve different functions and have different structures.

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20
Q

What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?

A

Covering, lining, or gland

Epithelial tissue covers surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands.

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21
Q

Where is epithelial tissue found in the body?

A
  • Lining of blood vessels
  • Hollow organs (e.g., stomach, heart)
  • Body cavities

Epithelial tissue serves as a barrier and is involved in absorption and secretion.

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22
Q

What does it mean that epithelial tissues are avascular?

A

They lack blood vessels

Instead, epithelial tissues receive nutrients through diffusion from underlying connective tissues.

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23
Q

What are the components of connective tissue?

A
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
  • Plasma

Plasma serves as the matrix for blood, allowing it to transport substances.

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24
Q

What is the role of cartilage?

A

Gives shape and protects

Cartilage provides structure to parts such as the ears and nose and cushions joints.

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25
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Smooth muscle
  • Skeletal muscle

Each type of muscle tissue has distinct functions and characteristics.

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26
Q

What is the most abundant tissue type in the body?

A

Connective tissue

Connective tissue plays a crucial role in supporting, binding, and protecting other tissues and organs.

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27
Q

Fill in the blank: Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and _______.

A

Plasma

Plasma is the liquid component that carries cells and nutrients throughout the body.

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28
Q

What is the function of blood in the body?

A

Transports substances

Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products to and from cells.

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29
Q

What are some examples of connective tissues?

A
  • Fat
  • Bone
  • Tendon

These connective tissues have various functions, including storage, support, and attachment.

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30
Q

What is Adipose (Fat) Tissue?

A

Adipose tissue stores energy for body cells, cushions body parts and organs, and insulates the body against excessive heat or cold.

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31
Q

What is Muscle Tissue?

A

Muscle tissue is a specialized type of tissue that contracts and relaxes. The three types are skeletal, visceral (smooth), and cardiac.

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32
Q

What is Skeletal Muscle Tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue is attached to the skeleton and is voluntary because we can consciously control its movement.

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33
Q

What is Visceral Muscle Tissue?

A

Visceral muscle tissue is smooth muscle found in the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, and the dermis of skin. It is involuntary.

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34
Q

What is Cardiac Muscle Tissue?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue is specialized muscle located in the wall of the heart; it is involuntary.

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35
Q

What is Nervous Tissue?

A

Nervous tissue is located in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, specializing in sending impulses to neurons, muscles, and glands.

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36
Q

What are Neurons?

A

Neurons are the largest cells in nervous tissue that transmit impulses.

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37
Q

What are Neuroglial Cells?

A

Neuroglial cells are smaller support cells for neurons and do not transmit impulses.

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38
Q

What is a word root (WR) in medical terminology?

A

A word root contains the base meaning for the term.

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39
Q

What is the role of a suffix in medical terms?

A

A suffix alters the word root’s meaning.

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40
Q

What is a prefix in medical terminology?

A

A prefix comes at the beginning of the term and alters the term’s meaning.

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41
Q

What is a combining vowel?

A

A combining vowel is a vowel that links the root to the suffix or another root.

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42
Q

What is a combining form?

A

A combining form is the combination of the root and the combining vowel.

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43
Q

How are medical terms constructed?

A

Medical terms are built using prefixes, word roots/combining forms, and suffixes.

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44
Q

What does the term ‘endocrine’ consist of?

A

The term ‘endocrine’ consists of the prefix ‘endo’ and the word root ‘crine’.

‘endo’ means ‘within’ and ‘crine’ means ‘to excrete’.

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45
Q

What does ‘endocrine’ mean?

A

‘Endocrine’ means to secrete within the body.

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46
Q

What does the word root ‘append’ refer to?

A

‘Append’ refers to the appendix.

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47
Q

What does the suffix ‘-ectomy’ mean?

A

‘-ectomy’ means surgical removal.

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48
Q

What is the meaning of ‘Appendectomy’?

A

‘Appendectomy’ means surgical removal of the appendix.

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49
Q

What is a word root?

A

A word root is the base meaning of the term.

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50
Q

What is a suffix?

A

A suffix is the ending of a term that alters the meaning of the word root.

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51
Q

What is a prefix?

A

A prefix is the beginning of the term that alters the meaning of the word root.

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52
Q

What is a combining vowel?

A

A combining vowel is placed between the word root and suffix to ease pronunciation.

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53
Q

What does ‘Colostomy’ mean?

A

‘Colostomy’ means to cut (or create) a new opening for the colon.

Colo = colon; -stomy = to cut (or create) a new opening.

54
Q

What does ‘Cardiology’ mean?

A

‘Cardiology’ means knowledge (specialty) of the heart.

Cardi = heart; -logy = knowledge of.

55
Q

What does ‘Tachycardia’ mean?

A

‘Tachycardia’ means condition of rapid heart (beat).

Tachy- = rapid; cardi = heart; -ia = condition of.

56
Q

What does ‘Cardiologist’ mean?

A

‘Cardiologist’ means specialist in the knowledge of the heart.

Cardi = heart; o = combining vowel; -logist = specialist in knowledge of.

57
Q

What does the term ‘superior’ mean in anatomical terminology?

A

Above or close to the head.

58
Q

What does the term ‘inferior’ mean in anatomical terminology?

A

Below or close to the feet.

59
Q

What does the term ‘anterior’ mean in anatomical terminology?

A

Toward the front of the body.

60
Q

What does the term ‘posterior’ mean in anatomical terminology?

A

Toward the back of the body.

61
Q

What does the term ‘medial’ mean in anatomical terminology?

A

Close to the midline of the body.

62
Q

What does the term ‘lateral’ mean in anatomical terminology?

A

Farther away from the midline of the body.

63
Q

What does the term ‘proximal’ mean in anatomical terminology?

A

Close to a point of attachment or to the trunk of the body.

64
Q

What does the term ‘distal’ mean in anatomical terminology?

A

Farther away from a point of attachment or from the trunk of the body.

65
Q

What does the term ‘superficial’ mean in anatomical terminology?

A

Close to the surface of the body.

66
Q

What does the term ‘deep’ mean in anatomical terminology?

A

More internal.

67
Q

What is a sagittal plane?

A

Divides the body into left and right portions.

68
Q

What is a midsagittal plane?

A

Runs lengthwise down the midline of the body and divides it into equal left and right halves.

69
Q

What is a transverse plane?

A

Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

70
Q

What is a frontal (coronal) plane?

A

Divides the body into anterior (frontal) and posterior (rear) portions.

71
Q

Example of ‘superior’ in a sentence.

A

The thoracic cavity is superior to the abdominal cavity.

72
Q

Example of ‘inferior’ in a sentence.

A

The neck is inferior to the head.

73
Q

Example of ‘anterior’ in a sentence.

A

The nose is anterior to the ears.

74
Q

Example of ‘posterior’ in a sentence.

A

The brain is posterior to the eyes.

75
Q

Example of ‘medial’ in a sentence.

A

The nose is medial to the ears.

76
Q

Example of ‘lateral’ in a sentence.

A

The ears are lateral to the nose.

77
Q

Example of ‘proximal’ in a sentence.

A

The knee is proximal to the toes.

78
Q

Example of ‘distal’ in a sentence.

A

The fingers are distal to the elbow.

79
Q

Example of ‘superficial’ in a sentence.

A

Skin is superficial to muscles.

80
Q

Example of ‘deep’ in a sentence.

A

Bones are deep to skin.

81
Q

What is chemistry?

A

Chemistry is the study of what matter is made of and how it changes.

82
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Metabolism is the overall chemical functioning of the body, including the breakdown of food and its transformation into energy.

83
Q

What are ions?

A

Ions are positively and negatively charged particles.

84
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Electrolytes are substances that carry electrical current through the movement of ions.

85
Q

What do body cells depend on for energy?

A

Body cells depend on carbohydrate molecules to make energy.

86
Q

What is the most used carbohydrate by body cells?

A

The carbohydrate most used by body cells is glucose.

87
Q

What type of carbohydrate is commonly found in potatoes, pastas, and bread?

A

Starch is a type of carbohydrate commonly found in potatoes, pastas, and bread.

88
Q

What are lipids?

A

Lipids are fats.

89
Q

What are the three types of lipids found in the body?

A

The three types of lipids are triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.

90
Q

What is the function of triglycerides?

A

Triglycerides store energy for cells.

Butter & Oils are composed of triglycerides.

91
Q

What do phospholipids primarily make?

A

Phospholipids primarily make cell membranes.

92
Q

What are steroids?

A

Steroids are very large lipid molecules that make cell membranes and some hormones.

93
Q

What is an example of an essential steroid for body cells?

A

Cholesterol is an example of an essential steroid for body cells.

94
Q

What are cells?

A

Cells are the basic unit of life.

95
Q

What are the three main parts of most cells?

A

Most cells have three main parts: cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.

96
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane is the outer boundary of a cell.

97
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm is the ‘inside’ of the cell.

98
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The nucleus is typically round and located near the center of the cell, containing chromosomes made up of DNA.

99
Q

What is DNA fingerprinting used for?

A

DNA fingerprinting is a reliable method for identifying and distinguishing human beings to establish paternity and identify suspects in criminal cases.

It is also used to diagnose genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, Huntington’s disease, familial Alzheimer’s, sickle cell anemia, and many others.

100
Q

What is heredity?

A

Heredity is the transfer of genetic traits from parent to child.

101
Q

What forms when a sperm cell and an egg unite?

A

A cell called a zygote forms.

102
Q

How many chromosomes does a zygote have?

A

The zygote has 46 chromosomes or 23 chromosomal pairs.

103
Q

What are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes called?

A

The first 22 pairs are the same size and shape.

104
Q

What are the 23rd pair of chromosomes called?

A

The 23rd pair are called sex chromosomes.

105
Q

What determines the sex of a child?

A

If the sex chromosomes are an X chromosome and a Y chromosome, the child is a male. If the sex chromosomes are both X chromosomes, the child is a female.

106
Q

Name a common genetic disorder.

A

Common genetic disorders include Albinism, Cystic Fibrosis, Down Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, Hemophilia, Klinefelter Syndrome, and Phenylketonuria (PKU).

107
Q

What is the first function of the integumentary system?

A

Protection

The skin serves as the body’s first line of defense against bacteria and viruses.

108
Q

How does the integumentary system regulate body temperature?

A

By dilating and constricting dermal blood vessels

When hot, blood vessels dilate causing a pinkish skin appearance; when cold, they constrict to retain heat.

109
Q

What vitamin does the skin produce when exposed to sunlight?

A

Vitamin D

The body needs Vitamin D for calcium absorption.

110
Q

What types of sensations can the skin detect?

A

Touch, heat, cold, and pain

The skin is packed with sensory receptors for these sensations.

111
Q

What waste products are excreted through the skin?

A

Water and salts

These are lost when a person perspires, highlighting the importance of hydration.

112
Q

What are the three layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer

The epidermis is the top layer, the dermis is the middle layer, and the subcutaneous layer cushions and insulates.

113
Q

What primarily determines skin color?

A

The amount of melanin in the skin’s epidermis

More melanin results in darker skin color.

114
Q

What role does hemoglobin play in skin color?

A

Carries oxygen in red blood cells

Well oxygenated hemoglobin is bright red, influencing skin hue.

115
Q

What happens to skin color when blood oxygen levels are low?

A

Skin looks pale or bluish

This is due to the lack of well oxygenated hemoglobin.

116
Q

Fill in the blank: The skin plays a major role in regulating _______.

A

body temperature

117
Q

What are the three major categories of skin lesions?

A

Skin lesions are classified into primary, secondary, and vascular lesions.

118
Q

What are primary lesions?

A

Primary lesions originate from disease or body changes.

119
Q

What are secondary lesions?

A

Secondary lesions include ulcers and keloids, caused by a reaction to external traumas such as scratching or rubbing.

120
Q

What are vascular lesions?

A

Vascular lesions are small, dilated blood vessels on the skin’s surface.

121
Q

What characterizes primary lesions?

A

Primary lesions are fat, discolored, non-palpable changes in skin color and elevations formed by fluid in a cavity.

122
Q

What characterizes secondary lesions?

A

Secondary lesions involve loss of skin surface.

123
Q

What are hair follicles?

A

Hair follicles are tube-like structures in the skin’s dermis made up of epithelial tissue, functioning to generate hair.

124
Q

What happens when hair follicles die?

A

When hair follicles completely die, alopecia (baldness) develops.

125
Q

What is the function of nails?

A

Nails protect the ends of the fingers and toes.

126
Q

What is the nail bed?

A

The nail bed is a layer beneath each nail that holds the nail down to underlying skin and provides nutrients from the blood supply.

127
Q

What occurs when skin is injured?

A

When skin is injured, it becomes inflamed, appearing red due to nearby blood vessels dilating.

128
Q

How does inflammation promote healing?

A

Inflammation promotes healing by increasing blood flow to the area, carrying more nutrients needed for skin repair and defensive cells to clear up the cause of inflammation.

129
Q

What forms when structures and blood vessels of the dermis are injured?

A

A blood clot initially forms when structures and blood vessels of the dermis are injured.

130
Q

What replaces the blood clot during skin healing?

A

A scab, which is clotted blood and other dried tissue fluid, eventually replaces the blood clot.

Medical Career (2 decks)

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