chapter 2.1 & 2.2 quiz - brain studies Flashcards
MRI vs FMRI
MRI = takes PICTURE of brain STRUCTURE
FMRI = takes MOVIES of brain’s FUNCTIONS
Neurons (what do they do and 3 types)
-send & receive electrical signals
types;
-sensory = transfers info from external to CNS
-motor = transfers info from CNS to external
-interneurons = info in CNS & transfers to other neurons
Cell body
contains genetic info and protein for cell maintenance
dendrites
receives signals from other neurons
axons
transmits messages to other neurons
myelin sheath
fatty substances that increases speed of electrical signals
Glial cells
support neurons
neurotransmitters
-signals between neurons
-pick up signal from axons, cross the synapsis, and deliver it to dendrites
-(manages breathing, learning emotions, etc)
The Firing Process
-Neurons send signals through each other
-dendrites receive signals
-travels through the neuron to axon
-axons fire their own message across synapsis to the next neuron dendrites
-triggers the new cell to fire, the process starts over
The Wiring Process
Writing = a network of fibers that carry brain signals between neurons (created by the neurons firing)
-everytime you learn something new, you create a new pathway in your brain
Brain Stem
involuntary movements (breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, etc)
Thalamus
sensory switchboard; incoming messages from senses (except smell)
Hippocampus
memory
Cerebellum
body movements, coordination, balance
Cerebral Cortex
the surface of the brain; controls higher-level processes such as consciousness, thought, emotion, reasoning, language, & memory
corpus-callosum
thick band of neutral fiber connencting hemispheres
Lateralization
left & right sides of brain are specialized to attend to different information
left side specializes in…
right side specializes in…
left = language
right = awareness and emotion
parts of the cerebrum
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
frontal lobe
behavior, attention, reasoning, motivation, judgment, emotions (last part of the brain to mature)
parietal lobe
sensory info and bodily sensations like temp, pressure pain, and spacial awareness
temporal lobe
processing hearing, recognition of spoken language
occipital lobe
processes vision and recognition of printed words
plasticity
the ability to be shaped and reshaped
critical periods
times when some part of the body is very vulnerable to lack of stimulation or to negative experiences
sensitive periods
times when the brain is best able to write specific skills for all children
window of opportunity
a prime period in a child’s life from developing a particular skill
windows of vulnerability
if a child does not receive the right stimulation within given time frames; development is likely to be impaired
developmental tasks
skills that should be mastered at a certain stage in life
Executive Functions
working memory - storing, organizing, and manipulating info while working on a task
cognitive flexibility - being able to adjust to changing demands
inhibition - filtering thoughts and feelings so as not to act impulsively
types of knowledge
explicit knowledge - knowledge about facts (can be written)
implicit knowledge - skilled-based knowledge (gained without awareness)
scientific knowledge - create knowledge (scientific experiments)
knowledge about experts - knowing who/where to go to find out other forms of knowledge
3 developmental tasks
-physical maturation
-social pressures
-inner pressures
