Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 228 > Chapter 21,22,23 Exam review > Flashcards

Chapter 21,22,23 Exam review Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is lymph and where does it come from?

A

Lymph is fluid which is water, protein, and dissolved solutes, moved within the lymph capillaries and comes from our tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where do the lymphatic capillaries begin?

A

immediately below the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the force that drives fluid inside capillaries?

A

Hydro-static pressure of interstitial fluid. Pressure of lymph inside vessel force inter-cellular openings of capillary wall to close with lymph inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Immunity, and fluid balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List lymphatic vessels in order according to size?

A

Lymph capillaries feed lymph vessels, lymph vessels feed lymphatic trunks, and lymphatic trunks feed lymphatic ducts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lymph from the right leg would drain into where?

A

the lumbar trunks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where do the lymphatic ducts drain?

A

The thoracic duct drains into the left subclavian vein, while the right lymphatic duct drains into the right subclavian vein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where do the T and B cells mature?

A

T lymphocytes migrate to thymus to complete maturation. B lymphocytes in red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are B lymphocytes

A

Blood formed elements, involved with humoral immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens to the thymus as we age?

A

Gets smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is MALT?

A

(mucosal-associated lymphatic tissue) is a secondary lymphatic structure, does not form lymphocytes, but house and other immune cells immune response initiation. MALT is located in the GI, respiratory, genital and urinary tract also found in lamina proria of mucosa. Helps defend against foreign substances. Prominent small intestine, especially in the ilium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When women with breast cancer undergo surgery to remove the tumor or entire breast, the axilary lymph nodes are often removed as well. Why?

A

The axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from the breast and may contain cancer cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do the tonsils do?

A

Detect and protect against infectious agents that are ingested or inhaled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is NOT correct regarding lymph nodes?

A

They are drained by different afferent lymphatic vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is red pulp?

A

Part of spleen that functions as blood reservoir, hemolysis which is phagocytosis of old erythrocytes and platelets; removes debris from blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is white pulp?

A

Part of spleen that contains lymphocytes and macrophages; monitors blood for foreign atigens and initiated an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A

Filter’s and monitors blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A Virus is

A

smaller than a cell and composed of DNA or RNA in a protein shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where do we get dendritic cells of the skin?

A

destroy particles and then present fragments
Antigens are presented on dendritic cell surface to T-lymphocytes
initiate adaptive immunity
Macrophages can also perform antigen presentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the functions of cytokines?

A

small proteins that regulate immune activity. Produced by cells of both innate and adaptive immune system. Chemical messengers released from one cell that bind to receptor of target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Epithelial layers of skin and mucosal membranes house dendritic cells

A

These dendritic cells are usually derived from monocytes

Engulf pathogens and migrate into lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd line of defense in order?

A

Innate immunity (present at birth) protects against a variety of substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

2nd

A

Adaptive immunity (aquired immunity). Response to antigen involves specific T and B-lymphocytes-plasma cells synthesize and release antibodies. Takes several days to be effective.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Steps in innate immunity

A

Skin and mucosal membrane (prevent entry, nonspecific internal defenses, cells , macrophages, NK cells. Chemicals interferon, complements, Physiologic responses, inflammation, fever.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Neutrophils and magrophages

A

destroy and engulf particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Eosinophil

A

Only attacks parasites ex. protozoans/multicellular parasites. Have a role in allergy response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

NK cells destroy a variety of unwanted cells. They kill by releasing chemical toxins called

A

Granzymes enter pore, cause apoptosis of cell

Apoptosis is cell death that causes shriveling rather than lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Compliment system

A

group of over 30 plasma proteins. Work along with compliment antibodies. Synthesized by liver, continuously released in inactive form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Complement system

A

When a foreign substance enters body, this system becomes active, usually used for bacteria. Opsonization, inflammation, cytolysis, rbc/antibody connection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Opsonization

A

Compliment system. 1. Compliment protein binds to pathogen. 2. Creates a bigger signal for immune system to destroy it. 3. Luekocytes destroy the pathogen marked

31
Q

inflammation

A

Swelling and warming of the area due to fungi infection

32
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  1. Swelling: excess fluid from increased blood flow. 2. Redness due to increased vasodilation. 3. Heat caused by increased blood flow and cell activity. 4. Pain: collection of interstitial fluid presses on nerves. 5. Loss of function: all of the build up limits movement (only extreme cases)
33
Q

What are antigens?

A

identity markers on cell. A substance that binds to a T lymphocyte or antibody

34
Q

what does a T-cell do once its activated?

A

Direct contact w/ MHC molecule which expressed on the surface of APC’s. Once activated they divide rapidly and secrete small proteins called Cytokines that regulate and assist in active immune response.

35
Q

What is an immunoglobulin?

A

proteins produced against a particular antigen

36
Q

IgG

A

Makes up 75-85% of antibodies in blood, predominate antibody in lymph and CSF. Participate in all antibody actions. Can cross the placenta and cause hemolytic disease of a newborn.

37
Q

name the differences between upper and lower respiratory system?

A

The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, and upper portion of the trachea.
The lower respiratory tract consists of the lowerer portion of the trachea, the larynx, bronchial tree, and the lungs

38
Q

What effects the viscosity of mucus?

A

Mucin (protein) it increases mucus viscosity and serves to trap dirt, dust, pollen, ect.

39
Q

Name the location of the paranasal sinuses (spaces within skull bones), from superior to inferior?

A

Frontal sinuses, ethmoidal sinuses, spheniodal sincuses and maxillary sinuses

40
Q

What stops food from entering the trachea?

A

epiglotis

41
Q

Functions of the larynx?

A

air passageway, prevents objects from entering the respiratory tract, epiglotis covers superior during swallowing. Produces sounds form speech.

42
Q

Where the the location of the trachea?

A

anterior to esophagus, and posterior to part of sternum .

43
Q

What keeps the trachea open?

A

Tracheal cartilage support anterior and lateral walls, C -shaped rings of hyaline cartilage - en-sheathed in perichondrium and dense fibrous membrane. Always ensures trachea is open.

44
Q

Explain what hilum is ?

A

Indented region on lungs mediastinal side. Bronchi, pulmonary vessels, autonomic nerves, and lymph vessels pass through here. “Root of the lung”

45
Q

What is pleura?

A

Serous membrane. Outer lining of lung surfaces and adjacent thoracic wall, c/o simple squamous epithelium.

46
Q

What is the difference between the visceral and parietal pleura?

A

Visceral pleura adheres to the lung surface. Parietal pleura lines internal thoracic walls, lateral surface of the mediastinum, and superior surface of diaphragm.

47
Q

What does serous fluid do?

A

Serous fluid is produced by serous membranes. It covers the pleural cavity surface, lubricates which allows pleural surfaces to slide by easily. Each peural cavity has < 15mL of fluid and drains continuously by lymph

48
Q

What is the order of gas exchange?

A

02 and c02 exchange in the alveoli at the end of bronchial tubes. When inhaling; 02 moves from alveoli to surrounding capillaries in blood stream, at the same time co2 moves from blood stream to capillaries and to alveoli. C02 is removed from lungs with exhalation.

49
Q

Air passageway

A

Air moves from atmosphere to alveoli as we breath in. Air moves from lungs to atmosphere as we breath out

50
Q

Site for 02 and C02 exchange

A

(alveoli and pulmonary capillaries). O2 diffuses from alveoli into blood. C02 diffuses from blood into alveoli.

51
Q

Functions of external intercostal muscles and internal intercostal muscles?

A

External intercostals elevate the ribcage during inspiration. Internal intercostals depress the ribcage during forced expiration.

52
Q

Site for 02 and C02 exchange

A

(alveoli and pulmonary capillaries). O2 diffuses from alveoli into blood. C02 diffuses from blood into alveoli.

53
Q

What happens to CSF when there is a drop in pH

A

the body will become acidic and begin to suffer from acidosis

54
Q

During inspirations

A

Thoracic volume increases and thoracic pressure is decreased so air flows in.

55
Q

During expiration

A

Thoracic volume decreases and thoracic pressure is increased so air flows out.

56
Q

Where is the respiratory control?

A

in the medulla and pons area of the brainstem

57
Q

Chemoreceptors?

A

are sensitive to chemicals disolved in the body.

58
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors located?

A

either side to brain stem, near medullary respiratory center

59
Q

Where is the aortic chemoreceptors located?

A

near the forking of the common carotid arteries

60
Q

What happens to the body when pH rises?

A

The body will suffer from alkalosis or alkaline

61
Q

What is hyperventolation?

A

The action of increased breathing. This causes a lowered C02 concentration in blood and takes a longer time for c02 levels to build up to a concentration that will overwhelm the respiratory center.

62
Q

What is hypoventilation?

A

When respiratory rate or (tv) goes down, the amount of air that is going in and out of the lung is decreasing, consequenting in increased c02 forcing oxygen in the alveolus to go down

63
Q

What is the total lung capacity? (tlc)

A

amount of gas in the lungs after a maximal INspiration

64
Q

What is tidal volume (tv)

A

The amount of air taken into lungs or expelled during quiet breathing

65
Q

What is vital capacity (vc)?

A

amount of gas that can be exhaled after a maximal expiration

66
Q

Residual volume (rv)

A

amount of gas remaining in lungs after maximal expiration

67
Q

Vital capacity (vc) + Residual volume (rv) equals

A

Total lung capacity

68
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume? IRV

A

amount of gas that can be inhaled above the tidal inspiration

69
Q

Expiratory reserve volume? ERV

A

amount of gas an individual can exhaled beyond a tidal expiration

70
Q

TV+IRV+ERV equals

A

Vital capacity

71
Q

Name the 3 different ways that C02 can travel?

A
  1. It can be transported by a bicarbinate ion
  2. It can be dissolved in blood plasma
  3. It can combine with hemaglobin and form carbaminohemaglobin
72
Q

Gas exchange within alveoli

A

Within alveoli, the…
percentage and partial pressure of O2 are lower than in atmosphere
percentage and partial pressure of CO2 are higher than in atmosphere
partial pressures of respiratory gases normally stay constant

73
Q

2 branches of adaptive immunity

A
  1. Cell mediated immunity involve T-lyphocytes

2. Humoral immunity involve B-lymphocytes, plasma cells and antibodies

Biology 228 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions