Chapter 21 Flashcards
Determinants of Twentieth-Century Design
- The time between the wars was a time of great innovation in design in which modernism blossomed and matured.
- Second World War brought shortage of materials, energy, and funds for design
- Industrial Efficiency combined with sleek beauty was challenged by occasional forays into roughness and irrationality
Communications of Twentieth-Century Design
- Skill to communicate design ideas spread to many locations and mediums
- The growth of design Media
Technology of Twentieth-Century Design
-Technological improvements in lighting, heating and acoustics culminated at the end of the century with yet another innovation, the computer, which affected not only many activities accomodated by Interior Design, but also the process of design itself
Elsie de Wolfe (Forerunners)
- First professional designer
- “Simplicity, Suitability, and Proportion”
- She was an eclectic
Eclectic
choose freely among elements of different styles
Edwin Lutyens (Forerunners)
- Dominant English architecture and designer for the first four decades of the twentieth century
- Worked first with Arts and Crafts manner
- Later moved to classicism and formal symmetry
Frank Lloyd Wright (Pioneers)
- Prairie Style
- Long and low like the Midwestern prairies
- Open plan - spaces flow continuously un impended by doorway, from entry to living room to dining room, modulated only by asymmetrical placed semitransparent wood screens
Peter Behrens (Pioneers)
-Simplification, moving from a classical vocabulary to a modern vocabulary that yet retained a classical basis
Josef Hoffmann (Pioneers)
- Geometric development of the lyrical Art Nouveau movement
- Inspired by Roman design
Walter Gropius (Bauhaus)
- Creation of complete enviroment “by all and for all”
- Designed two early monuments of modern design
- Although bauhaus was the machine aesthetic
Marcel Breuer (Bauhaus)
- Furniture designer
- Tubular steel
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (Bauhaus)
- German Pavilion 1929 landmark of modern architecture
- Barcelona Pavillion
- Used Wrights open space plan
Purism and De Stijl
- Purists called for geometry, simplicity, and purity of form in both painting and architecture, and advocated the use of mathematical proportioning system
- Golden Section - rato 1 to 1.618
De Stijl
a movement in both art and architecture working with elementary forms, straight lines, and primary colors
Le Corbusier
-Flat-roofed, cubistic, and startlingly white
-Five-points of New Architecture
• Columns for raising a building
• Roof garden
• Free plan
• Horizontal band of windows
• Free facade
Gerrit Rietveld
- White and gray planes with touches of primary colors and black
- Elementary vocabulary of forms and colors serves an equally striking functional program
- Single floor can become as much as six different room s through the use of sliding and folding walls
- ” it can be open, partly opened or completely compartmentalized
Art Deco
avoided the sinuous curves; Plant forms were basis for decoration but interpreted more geometrically and with strong colors
- Exotic materials and techniques
Jacques-Emile Ruhlmann
Finest furniture designer of his time
Jean-Michael Frank
- Rarefied and subtle take on Art Deco
- Used pale colors
- Walls lined with parchment or rare woods
- Details emphasized in alabaster, rock crystal, or ivory
Italian Rationalism
- Development of contemporary with Art Deco
- Manifesto proclaiming a need for rational building types, denounced individualism, and sympathized with new political era of fascism
- Proposed a sensible, simple, direct expression of function and construction
Scandinavian Modern ( Warm Modernism)
- Transitional between traditional and modern styles
* Experimented with fibre art including materials not commonly associated with textiles , such as film, wire, and paper
Alvar Alto
- Completely designed everything in a project building hardware, furniture etc.
- Potent symbol of healthy world through technology
Richard Neutra (Modernism in America)
“Health House”
Louis Kahn (Modernism in America)
- Space, Structure, and Form
- Serve and Servant Spaces
- “What a material want to be”
Minimalism
” less is more” take on minimalism
Brutalism (Reactions Against Modernism)
- ” raw concrete”
- Curve , tilted and uneven forms seemed casually assembled
- Dratize the building equipment as well as electrical conduit
Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown (Reactions Against Modernism)
Messy vitality
Postmodernism
blend of modern and classical fragments
Pop (Supermanism)
free of historical allusions
Frank Gehry
Frank Gehry was: anti-Mies, anti Modern and antine
•Unconventional treatment of conventional materials
Tadao Ando
- Modernist and minimalist
* Combination of gravity and polish of concrete in minimalist ways
Norman Foster
- Modernist of the modern
* Introduced new levels of variety and lyricis
Eclectism
design approach that selects and combines desired elements from a variety of sources; combinations without postmodernism sardonic and disrespectful attitude toward the past
Frances Elkins
Mixed of classical elements and time period furniture
Dorothy Draper
Bold and overscaled design
Chintz
design detail ; cotton fabric with floral pattern
- Baroque with a touch of surrealism
- Chintz
William Pahlman
•Highly modern with Peruvian imports, such as handcrafted fabrics and Inca artifacts
John Dickinson
- Idiosyncratic
* Achieved coherence through limited color(typically neutrals)
Albert Hadley
Unexpected combinations, bold colors, modern art and Neoclassical French chairs
Andree Putman
- Mixed new and old elements
* “boutique style”
Charles Pfister
•Simplified modern vocabulary , but eclectic in willingness to introduce elements from many different times and places
Books (Design Media)
- Primary way to distribute designs
* Examples: The decoration of House, The House in Good Taste
Magazines and Other Media
- Dominating source to distribute new ideas in design
- Examples : Interiors, Interior Design, Architectural Digest, Dwell
- Interior Design is chiefly a visual art, and made its strongest impression on the screen , at first on the movie screen , then television and finely computer screen
Stores
generally very successful
Museums and Exhibition
•Key in showing off the latest inventions and styles to crowds of visitors
Lighting
One of the most important improvements in Interiors
Incandescent Lamp
most popular. Lighting for residential uses. Electric through filament
Fluorescent
electric current through gas or vapor
Halogen
electric through halogen gas
PAR Floodlight
even washes of light on walls
Fiber Optics
for which to transmit light through strands of fiberglass, lasers, produce light amplification by simulated emission of radiation
Bulb
refers to the glass container for other components
Lamp
entire light source( i.e. Bulb, filament, and electrical connections)
Luminaire
refers to a total lighting instrument ( lamps, reflectors, lenses, wiring, the structure housing such equipment)
HVAC
- Many advances in heat and cooling
- Coal and wood replced with natural gas, propane gas, and electricity
- Covection and radiant heating
- Ventilation issues became prominent to rid interiors of harmful airborne substances, including carcinogens, toxins, positive ions, ozone, and particulates
Acoustics
- Apart from professional acoustic locations, designer might consider reducing sound by utilizing dead air space or unventilated air within a hollow wall
- replacing unwanted sounds with less objectionable ones by using white noise machines that emit barely audible noise
- In design itself designers aim to create spaces and shapes that affect the reverberation time of sound
Steel and Glass
- Became dominant type of building construction
- Created a new lightness and transparency in building, enormous impact on the lights, views and privacy of Interiors
- Stainless steel came about
- Chrominum came to used as plating over steel and other materials and mixed with other materials to make chrome
Glass
- Consists mainly of silica
* Be curved or prismatic
Double-Glazing
enclosing a thin layer of dehydrated air or inert gas in the space between the glass panes to reduce heat transmission
Tempered
treated by heat, greater strength or if it does break, will shatter into numerous small, harmless pieces
Laminated
bound to a layer of plastic for special visual effects, for safety, for reducing sound transmission for thermal insulation, or for the blocking infrared radiation
Wire Glass
mandated by fire codes
Glass Block
transparent to opaque and can decoratively treated
Aluminum
- Light I relationship to its strength
* Ductile, resistant to corrosion, capable of brilliant polish
Anodized
the surface to prevent it from oxidizing and becoming cloudy , the coating can be given a multitude of colors
Reinforced Concrete
- Great strength under compression but little under tension
- Tensile strength can be added with steel reinforcing bars
- Shaped through wood forms typically
Ferrocement
uses wire mesh in place of reinforcing rods and therefore ca be thinner and lighter
Plastics
- Wide spread use by twentieth Century
- Substances formed under heated or pressure and are both organic and artificial
- Multiple uses and finishes
Plaster Substitutes - Drywall
plasterboard, wall board, gypsum board, gyp board, gypsum wallboard, sheetrock
Forms
An extensive and apparently seamless sculptural element more quickly achieved and lighter in weight than would have been possible with wet plaster
Homasote
good insulating and acoustical performance ( also called soundboard or building board)
Oriented Strand Board (OSB)
(flake board or wafer board) typical for carpet underlayment and wall paneling
Particleboard
base for flooring or laminate countertops
MDF
used for cabinets trim, and wall paneling
HDF
cabinets, drawers, countertops, wall panels, subflooring, or flooring
Veneering
composition of veneer and plywood or particle wood is stronger than solid wood that wood be subject to warping
Paint
- Two components: pigments and binders ( water, varnish, oil, glue or synthetic resins)
- Least to most lustrous : flat, eggshell, satin, semi gloss, and gloss
Twentieth Century Ornament
- Ornament became inherent in the design as opposed to applied
- Alto was adept at such technique
Pioneers Furniture
- Bauhaus: Breur; Experimentation with tubular steel
- Purism and De stijl: Purism, by Le Corbusier
- De Stijil: Riveted
Art Deco Furniture
- Not wholly serious
- Exquisitely made
Alvar Aalto (Scandinavian Modern Furniture)
- Experimentation with slicing, laminating, bending techniques
- Clear and lyrical
Klint (Scandinavian Modern Furniture)
Respect for materials natural character
Charles and Ray Eames (Scandinavian Modern Furniture)
Organic design in furniture
Herman Miller (Scandinavian Modern Furniture)
Modern residential and office furniture
Knoll (Scandinavian Modern Furniture)
Furniture and textile designs
Knew Possibilities in Furniture: Systems and Built-ins
- Modularity
* Built-ins came about to rid rooms of furniture and unclutter
Pyrex
heat resistant glass
Metalwork
Shortage of silver lead to use of steel
Textiles
Modern fabrics expected to be stain resistant, mildew resistant, moth repellant, fungus repellant, anti bacterial, antistatic
Window Treatments
Heavy multilayers draperies and shades a single hangings
Venetian Blinds
slats strung together on tapes
Roman Shades
when raised fabric folds horizontally
Austrian Shade
gathered into swags
Broadloom
carpet woven on a broad loom
Modern Carpets are distinguished
by their materials • Jute • Sisal • Rayon • Nylon • Acrylic • Olefin • Polyester
Jute
glossy fiber made from Indian plants
Sisal
tough, durable, made from leaves of the agave plant
Rayon
“artificial silk “
