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Med Surg 1 (term 4) > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

The heart is encased in a thin fibrous sac called what?

A

Pericardium

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2
Q

What is the inner layer of the heart?

A

Endocardium

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3
Q

What is the middle layer of the heart?
Made up of muscle fibers that is responsible for the pumping action

A

Myocardium

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4
Q

What is the exterior portion of the heart?

A

Epicardium

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5
Q

What are the 2 top chambers of the heart?

A

Atria

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6
Q

What are the 2 bottom chambers of the heart

A

Ventricles

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7
Q

Relaxation phase is what?

A

Diastole

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8
Q

What is referred to as ventricular filling?

A

Diastole

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9
Q

Contraction phase is called?

A

Systole

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10
Q

What is the only artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary artery

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of heart valves?

A

AV valves
Semilunar valves

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12
Q

What generates and transmits electrical impulses, that stimulate contraction of the myocardium?

A

Cardiac conduction system

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13
Q

What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node

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14
Q

What is the secondary pacemaker of the heart?

A

AV node

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15
Q

A normal cardiac output has how many liters per minute

A

4-8 L/min

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16
Q

A normal, cardiac output has how many liters per minute

A

4 to 8 L per minute

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17
Q

Amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle with each beat or contraction

A

Stroke volume

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18
Q

Force/strength of contraction of the heart muscle

A

Contractility 

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19
Q

Percent of blood expelled from the left ventricle with every contraction

A

Ejection fraction(EF)
Normal EF is 50 to 70%

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20
Q

Amount of blood return to the right side of the heart at the end of diastole

A

Preload

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21
Q

Pressure that the left ventricle has to pump against

A

Afterload

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22
Q

What carries oxygenated blood to tissues?

A

Arteries
(Think Away from the heart)

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23
Q

What carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart

A

Veins

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24
Q

What is the Order of the electrical conduction of the heart

A

SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Bundle, branches
Purkinje fibers

Pneumonic (Send A Big Bounding Pulse)

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25
When you have an S3 sound of the heart what to diseases may you have?
Heart failure Cardiomyopathy
26
When you have an extra heart sound, S4 what to diseases may you have?
Myocardial ischemia Hypertension
27
Heart sound where the AV valve closes
S1 Lub
28
Heart sound where the semi lunar valve closes?
S2 Dub
29
A slower than normal rate <60
Sinus Brady
30
Caused by lower metabolic needs -Sleep -Athletic training -hypothyroidism Meds -calcium channel blockers -beta blockers -Amiodarone
Sinus Brady
31
Faster than normal heart rate >100
Sinus tachy
32
Caused by Blood loss Fever Exercise Dehydration HF Cardiac tamponade Hyperthyroidism
Sinus tachy
33
Type of EKG reading that looks like tomb stones. Irregular course wave forms of different shapes there’s no contractions or cardiac output, which may be fatal. A rate of 100-250 No P-wave
Ventricular tachycardia (VT)
34
Causes of what? MI Electrolyte imbalance Digoxin toxicity Stimulants
Ventricular Tachycardia
35
Type of EKG reading with rapid disorganized patterns of electrical activity in the ventricle, in which electrical impulses, arise from many different foci. Rate unknown Rhythm, chaotic PQRST complex not visible
Ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib)
36
What may lead to v-fib?
Untreated, ventricular tachycardia
37
What drug may you give for V fib?
Amiodaraon
38
Type of EKG, reading, uncoordinated, electrical activity in the atria that causes rapid and disorganized fibbing of the muscles in the atrium. The atria is quivering Rate usually over 100 Due to low oxygen
Atrial fibrillation (A-Fib)
39
What is an early conduction of the QRS complex?
Premature ventricular contractions (PVCS)
40
EKG with a Saw tooth appearance Rate at 75 to 150
Atrial flutter
41
What are symptoms of left sided heart failure?
Dyspnea Rales (crackles) Orthopnea Weakness, fatigue Increased heart rate Frothy blood tinged sputum Gaining weight
42
Type of heart failure we’re fluid is backing up into the lungs
Left sided heart failure
43
Type of heart failure we’re fluid is backing up into the venous system
Right sided heart failure
44
What are symptoms of right sided heart failure?
Swelling of the legs and hands Weight gain Edema JVD Ascites Irregular heart rate 
45
How would you diagnose heart failure?
Increase in BNP Chest X-Ray Echocardiogram
46
What diet modifications would you do with heart failure?
Fluid restrictions Decreased sodium, fat and cholesterol
47
What is the bad cholesterol?
LDL (keep <100)
48
What is the happy cholesterol?
HDL (keep at >60)
49
What EKG changes would there be with CAD?
Changes in ST segment or T waves
50
The disease where deoxygenated blood cannot get back into the heart pulling of oxygenated blood into the extremities
Peripheral venous disease
51
Narrow artery, where oxygenated blood can’t get to the distal extremities like the hands of the feet ischemia and necrosis of the extremities
Peripheral arterial disease 
52
How would you diagnose peripheral vascular diseases?
A Doppler ultrasound or a ankle brachial index
53
What medication decreases the workload of the heart and decreases pain. Given with suspected MI
Morphine
54
What does elevated when a person is going through an MI
Troponin level
55
120-139 80-89
Pre-hypertension
56
140-159 90-99
Stage one hypertension
57
>160 >100
Stage two hypertension
58
>180 >120
Hypertensive crisis
59
What are examples of secondary hypertension?
Pre-existing conditions like chronic kidney disease, thyroid diseases, pregnancy, and certain drugs (oral contraceptives)
60
What is hypertension also called
Silent killer, usually because of lack of symptoms
61
Suffix’s of HTN meds
-pril -olol -pine -amil
62
What type of anti-hyperlipidemic drug?
-statins

Med Surg 1 (term 4) (5 decks)

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