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Med Surg 1 (term 4) > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

The heart is encased in a thin fibrous sac called what?

A

Pericardium

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2
Q

What is the inner layer of the heart?

A

Endocardium

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3
Q

What is the middle layer of the heart?
Made up of muscle fibers that is responsible for the pumping action

A

Myocardium

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4
Q

What is the exterior portion of the heart?

A

Epicardium

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5
Q

What are the 2 top chambers of the heart?

A

Atria

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6
Q

What are the 2 bottom chambers of the heart

A

Ventricles

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7
Q

Relaxation phase is what?

A

Diastole

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8
Q

What is referred to as ventricular filling?

A

Diastole

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9
Q

Contraction phase is called?

A

Systole

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10
Q

What is the only artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary artery

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of heart valves?

A

AV valves
Semilunar valves

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12
Q

What generates and transmits electrical impulses, that stimulate contraction of the myocardium?

A

Cardiac conduction system

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13
Q

What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node

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14
Q

What is the secondary pacemaker of the heart?

A

AV node

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15
Q

A normal cardiac output has how many liters per minute

A

4-8 L/min

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16
Q

A normal, cardiac output has how many liters per minute

A

4 to 8 L per minute

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17
Q

Amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle with each beat or contraction

A

Stroke volume

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18
Q

Force/strength of contraction of the heart muscle

A

Contractility 

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19
Q

Percent of blood expelled from the left ventricle with every contraction

A

Ejection fraction(EF)
Normal EF is 50 to 70%

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20
Q

Amount of blood return to the right side of the heart at the end of diastole

A

Preload

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21
Q

Pressure that the left ventricle has to pump against

A

Afterload

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22
Q

What carries oxygenated blood to tissues?

A

Arteries
(Think Away from the heart)

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23
Q

What carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart

A

Veins

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24
Q

What is the Order of the electrical conduction of the heart

A

SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Bundle, branches
Purkinje fibers

Pneumonic (Send A Big Bounding Pulse)

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25
Q

When you have an S3 sound of the heart what to diseases may you have?

A

Heart failure
Cardiomyopathy

26
Q

When you have an extra heart sound, S4 what to diseases may you have?

A

Myocardial ischemia
Hypertension

27
Q

Heart sound where the AV valve closes

A

S1 Lub

28
Q

Heart sound where the semi lunar valve closes?

A

S2 Dub

29
Q

A slower than normal rate <60

A

Sinus Brady

30
Q

Caused by lower metabolic needs
-Sleep
-Athletic training
-hypothyroidism
Meds
-calcium channel blockers
-beta blockers
-Amiodarone

A

Sinus Brady

31
Q

Faster than normal heart rate >100

A

Sinus tachy

32
Q

Caused by
Blood loss
Fever
Exercise
Dehydration
HF
Cardiac tamponade
Hyperthyroidism

A

Sinus tachy

33
Q

Type of EKG reading that looks like tomb stones. Irregular course wave forms of different shapes there’s no contractions or cardiac output, which may be fatal.
A rate of 100-250
No P-wave

A

Ventricular tachycardia (VT)

34
Q

Causes of what?
MI
Electrolyte imbalance
Digoxin toxicity
Stimulants

A

Ventricular Tachycardia

35
Q

Type of EKG reading with rapid disorganized patterns of electrical activity in the ventricle, in which electrical impulses, arise from many different foci.
Rate unknown
Rhythm, chaotic
PQRST complex not visible

A

Ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib)

36
Q

What may lead to v-fib?

A

Untreated, ventricular tachycardia

37
Q

What drug may you give for V fib?

A

Amiodaraon

38
Q

Type of EKG, reading, uncoordinated, electrical activity in the atria that causes rapid and disorganized fibbing of the muscles in the atrium.
The atria is quivering
Rate usually over 100
Due to low oxygen

A

Atrial fibrillation (A-Fib)

39
Q

What is an early conduction of the QRS complex?

A

Premature ventricular contractions (PVCS)

40
Q

EKG with a Saw tooth appearance
Rate at 75 to 150

A

Atrial flutter

41
Q

What are symptoms of left sided heart failure?

A

Dyspnea
Rales (crackles)
Orthopnea
Weakness, fatigue
Increased heart rate
Frothy blood tinged sputum
Gaining weight

42
Q

Type of heart failure we’re fluid is backing up into the lungs

A

Left sided heart failure

43
Q

Type of heart failure we’re fluid is backing up into the venous system

A

Right sided heart failure

44
Q

What are symptoms of right sided heart failure?

A

Swelling of the legs and hands
Weight gain
Edema
JVD
Ascites
Irregular heart rate 

45
Q

How would you diagnose heart failure?

A

Increase in BNP
Chest X-Ray
Echocardiogram

46
Q

What diet modifications would you do with heart failure?

A

Fluid restrictions
Decreased sodium, fat and cholesterol

47
Q

What is the bad cholesterol?

A

LDL (keep <100)

48
Q

What is the happy cholesterol?

A

HDL (keep at >60)

49
Q

What EKG changes would there be with CAD?

A

Changes in ST segment or T waves

50
Q

The disease where deoxygenated blood cannot get back into the heart pulling of oxygenated blood into the extremities

A

Peripheral venous disease

51
Q

Narrow artery, where oxygenated blood can’t get to the distal extremities like the hands of the feet ischemia and necrosis of the extremities

A

Peripheral arterial disease 

52
Q

How would you diagnose peripheral vascular diseases?

A

A Doppler ultrasound or a ankle brachial index

53
Q

What medication decreases the workload of the heart and decreases pain. Given with suspected MI

A

Morphine

54
Q

What does elevated when a person is going through an MI

A

Troponin level

55
Q

120-139
80-89

A

Pre-hypertension

56
Q

140-159
90-99

A

Stage one hypertension

57
Q

> 160
100

A

Stage two hypertension

58
Q

> 180
120

A

Hypertensive crisis

59
Q

What are examples of secondary hypertension?

A

Pre-existing conditions like chronic kidney disease, thyroid diseases, pregnancy, and certain drugs (oral contraceptives)

60
Q

What is hypertension also called

A

Silent killer, usually because of lack of symptoms

61
Q

Suffix’s of HTN meds

A

-pril
-olol
-pine
-amil

62
Q

What type of anti-hyperlipidemic drug?

A

-statins

Med Surg 1 (term 4) (5 decks)

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