Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biotech final > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

gene therapy:

A

manipulation of the genome in order to cure a disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

transgenic organisms:

A

individuals carrying a transgene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

targeted mutagenesis:

A

technology that enables scientists to alter any particular base pairs in the genome; includes gene targeting, knockins, knockouts, and genome editing with CRISPR/Cas9.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

DNA can move…

A

within a genome, be transferred between genomes, and be protected from degradation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Scientists exploit natural gene transfer mechanisms to …

A

create transgenic organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

To make transgenic eukaryotes, researchers need to…

A

introduce the transgene DNA into one or more cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In some unicellular eukaryotes the cell wall…

A

an be disrupted and the DNA can enter the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In many other organisms, the most efficient means of transferring DNA into cells involves…

A

the injection of DNA directly into the cell or embryo.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

DNA can be incorporated into a virus particle or even into a bacterium later…

A

infecting the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Transgene must…

A

replicate and be maintained as the cells divided

Can be done by integrating the transgene into a random location in the genome cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Transgenes can be maintain outside of the host chromosome as a …

A

extrachromosomal array or as a plasmid like in yeast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

It is crucial the genes containing the transgenes…

A

develop into gametes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

DNA injection into pronuclei…

A

generates transgenic mice.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

integration of the new genes can occur…

A

prior to the first mitosis resulting in the transgene appearing in every cell of the adult body or somewhat later, with some cells having the transgene and others not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

marker gene:

A

a gene inserted into a genome along with a transgene whose expression indicates successful incorporation of the transgene.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Transgenic mice are produced by…

A

injecting foreign DNA into a pronucleus of a fertilized egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Transformation of Drosophila relies on the…

A

constitution of transgenes inserted into P element transposon vectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Researchers make transgenic plants by…

A

infecting plant cells with Agrobacterium containing a Ti (tumor inducting) plasmid engineered to contain the transgene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

These methods of creating transgenic organisms all result in…

A

the integration of transgenes at random locations in the host genome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Studies with transgenic model organisms enable researchers to…

A

understand the functions of particular genes and their regulation, and to model certain human diseases in animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Scientists engineer transgenic plants and animals to…

A

produce drugs and better agricultural products.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Transgenes assign genes to

A

mutant phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Transgenic organisms allow…

A

genetic investigations to pinpoint genes responsible for a particular phenotype.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Transgenes are key tools for…

A

for analyzing gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Reporter constructs contain foreign genes whose protein products are ...
easy to detect and can help researchers identify enhancers directing the transcription of genes in specific tissues at particular times in development.
26
Transgenic cells and organisms serve as...
protein factories
27
Strategies for choosing a therapeutic gene
Adding a wild-type copy of a gene whose function is lacking Adding a gene that might prevent proliferation of tumor cells Adding a gene that inactivates a disease gene that is overexpressed
28
conditional knockout mice
Create a gene construct containing two introns and an exon of the gene to be conditionally knocked out. Generate ES cells in which sequences targeting construct replace the corresponding DNA sequences in the wild type gene in the mouse genome Remove the drug resistance gene with Cre Inject ES cells that are heterozygous for the floxed gene into host blastocysts and generate heterozygous mice. Perform crosses to generate a mouse that is homozygous for the floxed allele and also carries a transgene for Cre
29
Knockout mice
The gene of interest is mutagenized by the insertion of a drug resistance marker The DNA constructs are added to the culture medium of embryonic stem cells Cells that have incorporated the DNA construct into their genome are selected with drugs PCR is used to identify cell lines whose chromosomes acquired the DNA construct through homologous recombination Cells are injected into blastocysts which are implanted into surrogate mothers Chimeric mice are obtained and can be mated to produce mice with two copies of the inactivated gene.
30
Scientists are gearing up to use genome editing methods such as [] to repair mutant genes in human somatic cells.
CRISPR/ Cas9
31
DNA introduced in adenoviral vectors remains ...
extrachromosomal. necessitating periodic repeats of therapy.
32
retroviral vectors insert therapy genes into human chromosomes, but this method can ...
result in gene mutation and cancer
33
Therapeutic genes can be delivered in recombinant viral vectors to...
somatic cells or patients in either in vivo or ex vivo
34
CRISPR/Cas9 technology can...
can repair mutant alleles | Correct disease causing mutations with CRISPR/Cas knockins.
35
Since homologous recombination is inefficient and somatic cells cannot divide indefinitely...
it is impossible to use knockout or knock in technologies in human gene therapy.
36
When the therapeutic genes integrate into the parent genome, it is...
transcribed and produces the therapeutic protein.
37
The cell lines of the vector do not make the active virus because it lacks...
the necessary sequences
38
adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector:
a gene therapy vehicle whose recombinant single-stranded DNA genome contains a therapeutic gene that does not integrate into patient chromosomes. - The genetic material eventually degrades and the therapy needs to be repeated periodically.
39
retroviral vectors:
gene therapy vectors that are partial retrovirus genomes containing a therapeutic gene; the therapeutic gene becomes stably integrated into the genomes of somatic cells.
40
ex vivo gene therapy:
a procedure where a patient’s somatic cells are removed, a therapeutic gene is delivered to the cells in culture, and the cells are reintroduced into the patient.
41
in vivo gene therapy:
delivery of a therapeutic gene or gene-modification machinery directly to somatic cells - Cells are not removed from the body - May only deliver a fraction of DNA to the cell
42
First medical researchers...
choose what therapeutic DNA to use | Then decide how to deliver the DNA to somatic cells where it would do the most good.
43
therapeutic gene:
a cloned gene introduced into a patient’s somatic cells whose product is meant to cure a disease.
44
gene therapy:
manipulation of the genome in order to cure a disease. | Therapeutic genes can be added to the genome.
45
Genetically engineered CRISPR/Cas 9 can...
alter the genome of any organisms at a specific location designated by the researcher. The key step of this technology is the introduction of a double strand break repairable by nonhomologous end joingin or homologous recombination.
46
Goal of geneticists is to change the genomes of the germ line cells so...
stable lines of the experimental organisms can be created. | Can be seen as unethical
47
Knockin mice generated through gene targeting carry...
a gene altered in a way the researcher desires, including single base pair missense mutations corresponding to human hereditary disease.
48
Conditional knockout mice are useful for...
analyzing the functions of essential genes because such mice can be made mosaic for wild-type and mutant cells.
49
Use of embryonic stem (ES) cells for gene targeting allows mouse geneticists ...
muate germ line cells to create starble lines on knockout mice.
50
CRISPR:
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; a region in many bacterial genomes that confers immunity to viral infection. The CRISPR mechanism has been exploited by biotechnologists for genome editing of higher organisms.
51
gene editing:
describes a variety of technologies, including CRISPR/Cas9, that allows the creation of knockout and knockin animals without the use of ES cells.
52
Homologous recombination is inefficient because...
only a very small fraction of cells exposed to a knockout or knockin construct integrate it into the desired location. Researchers need to amplify cell division to obtain one with the desired chromosomes.
53
Knockin mice only produce the mutant form for []
the protein.
54
knockin mice:
mice in which a gene has been altered by targeted mutagenesis. The alteration can be a point mutation or a large insertion of DNA. Knockins introduce specific mutations
55
mosaic analysis:
The juxtaposition of wild type cells in animals with multiple expressions can determine whether a gene product expressed in one cell can affect the function of a neighboring one
56
Essential genes:
required for early stages of development of the animal or from some process crucial to the viability of all cells Impossible to generate homozygous knockout mice for these genes
57
knockout mice:
mice homozygous for an amorphic allele of a gene induced by gene targeting. Are useful for studying a variety of human diseases caused by a loss of gene function.
58
totipotent:
describes a cell state during early embryonic development in which the cells have not yet differentiated and retain the ability to produce every type of cell found in the developing embryo and adult animal
59
Mouse ES cells are undifferentiated cells derived from early state embryos called []
blastocysts. They are not yet committed to carrying out a pattern of gene expression characteristic of a particular type of cell such as, skin bone, or blood.
60
Although homologous recombination events are rare, investigators can grow large numbers of bacteria easily and then...
identify rare cells containing target mutations by selecting for a drug resistance marker present within the transferred DNA.
61
gene targeting:
method for inserting DNA into a genome that relies on homologous recombination; the DNA is targeted for insertion into a specific place in the genome by sequence similarity. In gene targeting, scientists mutagenize a specific gene indigo and then introduce the mutant DNA into bacterial cells. Homologous recombination then replaces the normal copy of the gene in the bacterial genome with the mutant copy.
62
Gene transfer by means of homologous recombination can ...
make mutations in specific bacterial genes
63
make mutations in specific bacterial genes | ...
make mutations in specific bacterial genes
64
Knockout mice have...
amorphic alleles of specific genes
65
In targeted mutagenesis a researcher needs...
only to to a gene’s DNA sequence to alter it.
66
Adding a transgene carrying a disease-causing, gain of function allele to a nonhuman animal model allows ...
researchers to observe disease progression and to test possible therapeutic interventions.
67
Transgenes assign genes to []
mutant phenotypes
68
Transgenic organisms allow genetic investigations to ...
pinpoint genes responsible for a particular phenotype.
69
Bacteria are unable to perform many important post translational operations, including:
ncluding proper folding or cleavage of certain polypeptides, or modifications such as glycosylation and phosphorylation. To circumvent such problems, drug companies can sometimes use transgenic mammalian cells suspended in a liquid culture.
70
pharming:
the use of transgenic animals and plants to produce protein drugs. The method used most commonly used for the production of human proteins in drugs in transgenic animals is protein expression in the mammary glands, because protein secreted into the milk can be purified at a high yield.
71
reproductive cloning:
the creation of a cloned embryo by insertion of the nucleus of a somatic cell from one individual into an egg cell whose nucleus has been removed. The hybrid egg is stimulated to begin embryonic cell divisions, and the resulting cloned embryo is transplanted into the uterus of a foster mother and allowed to develop to term.
72
Animal models of human genetic disease allow for understanding...
disease biochemistry to design and test new drugs and other treatments. The idea is to generate an animal with a corresponding mutation and similar disease symptoms.
73
Gain of function mutations:
transgenes are added to otherwise wild type genomes
74
Mice have similar versions of most...
human genes present in their genome, Not used for brain disorders Monkeys are used instead
75
A wild type transgene can be inserted into an embryo homozygous...
for a recessive mutant allele. If the normal phenotype is restored, then the transgene identifies the mutated gene.
76
The creation of reporter constructs allow
easy detection of when and in which tissues a gene is turned on or off in eukaryotes
77
Transgenic organisms produce...
medically important human proteins.
78
GM soybeans are resistant to...
weed killer glyphosate. Many crops are genetically modified to express the Bt protein, discouraging insect duration

Biotech final (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions