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Physio chapter 21 > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the migrating myoelectric/motor complexes?

A

It is the overall progression of our GI tract, movement between meals. Stomach -> large intestine.

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2
Q

What type of contraction is the migrating myoelectric/motor complexes?

A

phasic contraction

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3
Q

How long does the migrating myoelectric/motor complex take?

A

about 90 minutes

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4
Q

Where do you find peristalsis?

A

esophagus, stomach, and intestines

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5
Q

What type of muscles are used in peristalsis and what movements do they cause?

A

Circular muscles that narrow the passageway and allow for sequential contractions (oral to aboral), and. longitudinal muscles that shorten the pathway

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6
Q

Is peristalsis phasic or tonic?

A

phasic

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7
Q

What direction is peristalsis?

A

oral to aboral

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8
Q

Where do you find segmental contractions?

A

intestines

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9
Q

What type of muscle is used in segmental contractions and what movement does it cause?

A

Circular muscles which give you a narrow and sequential contraction (oral to aboral?

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10
Q

What is the overall purpose of segmental contractions?

A

squish food back and forth/churning, mixing

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11
Q

Where do you find mass movement?

A

colon

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12
Q

What is the mass movement’s movement?

A

forceful movement to set up for defecation, peristaltic- like

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13
Q

Where is acid secreted?

A

Gastric parietal cells, associated with meals times, 1-3L/day

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14
Q

How do we get the H+ out into the lumen from the cell?

A

H+/K+ ATPase pumps on apical membrane

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15
Q

How do we get the Cl- into the cell from the interstitial fluid?

A

HCO3-/Cl antiport aka chloride shift on the basolateral membrane

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16
Q

Where is buffer (HCO3-) secreted?

A

pancreas in acini

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17
Q

What is the buffers primary active transport?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase pump on basolateral membrane to build up the Na+ gradient

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18
Q

What does secondary (buffer) active transport move in?

A

NKCC channel, Cl- in to cell on basolateral membrane, Na+ out

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19
Q

What allows for Cl- to diffuse out of the cell?

A

CTFR on the apical membrane

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20
Q

What port allows for the chloride shift to happen?

A

HCO3-/Cl- antiport on apical membrane

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21
Q

2nd secondary active transport that allows for H+ to diffuse into our blood?

A

Na/H antiport on basolateral membrane, the H+ is going to help bring our pH back down to a normal level

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22
Q

Where is NaCl secreted?

A

small intestine, salivary acini

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23
Q

What is NaCl primary active transport?

A

Na/K ATPase pump, basolateral membrane

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24
Q

What is NaCl secondary active transport?

A

NKCC channel, basolateral membrane, Cl- in, Na+ out

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25
Q

What allows Cl- to diffuse out of the cell?

A

CTFR channel, apical membrane

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26
Q

Na+ follows water so what is the final way it can move between cells?

A

paracellularly

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27
Q

Where are digestive enzymes secreted?

A

pancreas

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28
Q

What are digested enzymes secreted as?

A

zymogens

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29
Q

What are the two ways zymogens can be secreted?

A

exocytosis into ducts or anchored to the duodenum’s apical surface in the small intestine

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30
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

hepatocytes of liver

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31
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

gallbladder

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32
Q

What is the emulsifying agent?

A

bile salts

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33
Q

What are bile pigments?

A

bilirubin and stercobilin

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34
Q

Where is mucus made?

A

salivary serous cell and gastric mucous cells

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35
Q

Where is mucus secreted?

A

lumen

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36
Q

Where is saliva made?

A

salivary acini, mainly water

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37
Q

Where do we find mechanical digestion?

A

oral cavity and stomach

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38
Q

Where do we find enzymatic digestion?

A

oral cavity, stomach, and small intestine

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39
Q

Where do we do our absorption?

A

small intestine

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40
Q

Where does digestion start and with what enzymes?

A

oral cavity with amylase and breaks it down to disaccharides

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41
Q

What breaks down dissacharides?

A

brush border enzymes on the apical surface to monosaccharides

42
Q

What is the primary active transport to move monosaccharides?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase pump to set up the Na+ gradient

43
Q

What is the secondary active transport to move monosaccharides?

A

SGLT

44
Q

Where are the three places that digestions starts and with what enzymes?

A
  1. Stomach with pepsinogen to pepsin which is an endopeptidase (breaks down polypeptide chain in the middle)
  2. Pancreas with trypsin and chymotrypsin which is an endopeptidase. Also carboxypeptidase which is an exopeptidase.
  3. Duodenum with aminopeptidase which is an exopeptidase
45
Q

What form of proteins are we able to absorb?

A

amino acids di- or tripeptides

46
Q

What is the primary active transport to move di or tripeptides?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase pump to set up the Na+ gradient

47
Q

What is the secondary active transport to move di or tripeptides?

A

Na+ or H+ amino acid symporter

48
Q

Where does digestion start and with what enzymes?

A

in the pancreas with lipase enzyme

49
Q

What do bile salts do?

A

They keep fat droplets from forming back together, they are an emulsifying agent.

50
Q

What does lipase need to access the lipids to chemically start to break them down?

A

colipase

51
Q

What does a lipase break a triglyceride down into?

A

triglyceride -> monoglyceride + 2 fatty acids

52
Q

What does phospholipase break phospholipids down into?

A

monoglyceride + fatty acids + phosphate

53
Q

What are micelles?

A

compound of mono and diglycerides, phospholipids, fatty acids and cholesterol- this can mainly move through the membrane easily

54
Q

First step of fat digestion and absorption:

A

mechanical -> emulsion droplets

55
Q

Second step of fat digestion and absorption:

A

lipase and colipase digestion -> micelles

56
Q

Third step of fat digestion and absorption:

A

diffusion and transport into epithelial cell (ER put the lipids back together which is a chylomicron at the golgi apparatus)

57
Q

Fourth step of fat digestion and absorption:

A

chylomicrons-> vesicle exocytosis

58
Q

Fifth step of fat digestion and absorption:

A

Diffusion into lacteal -> goes into our blood

59
Q

What pathway do fat soluble vitamins/minerals follow and list examples?

A

lipid pathway (vitamin A,D,E, and K)

60
Q

What produces the intrinsic factor that vitamin B12 needs?

A

gastric parietal cells

61
Q

How can we absorb iron?

A

through heme

62
Q

How do we absorb Ca2+?

A

paracellulary or transcellulary which require vitamin D

63
Q

Where is most of our water absorbed?

A

small intestine through paracellular pathway

64
Q

What are the two pathways used to regulate our GI tract and what are their reflexes?

A

CNS- long reflexes

ENS- short reflexes

65
Q

What are the stimuli from within the GI tract that alerts our long reflex?

A

taste, stretch, chemical, osmolarity, pH

66
Q

What are the stimuli from the outside of the GI tract that alerts our long reflex?

A

sight, smell, thought

67
Q

What are the stimuli from within our GUT that alerts our short reflex?

A
  • stretch, chemical, osmolarity, pH
  • submucosal secretion in tract
  • myenteric motility in tract
68
Q

The CNS and ENS overlap and work though what? What is the key that connects these two regulatory systems?

A

communication

69
Q

What is the stimulus for the release of gastrin?

A

peptides, amino acids, neural reflexes

70
Q

What are the primary targets of gastrin?

A

ECL cells and parietal cells

71
Q

What are the primary effects of gastrin?

A

stimulates gastric acid secretion and mucosal growth

72
Q

What inhibits gastrin?

A

somatostatin

73
Q

What is the stimulus for the release of CCK?

A

fatty acids

74
Q

What is the primary targets of CCK?

A

gallbladder, pancreas, stomach

75
Q

What is the primary effects of CCK?

A

stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion

76
Q

What does CCK inhibit?

A

gastric emptying and acid secretion

77
Q

What does CCK promote?

A

satiety

78
Q

What is the stimulus for the release of secretin?

A

acid in the small intestine

79
Q

What is the primary targets of secretin?

A

pancreas, stomach

80
Q

What is the primary effects of secretin?

A

stimulates HCO3- secretion

81
Q

What does secretin inhibit?

A

gastric emptying and acid secretion

82
Q

What is the stimulus for the release of motilin?

A

fasting; will release every 1 1/2 - 2 hours

83
Q

What is the primary targets of motilin?

A

gastric and intestinal smooth muscle

84
Q

What does motilin stimulate?

A

migrating motor complex

85
Q

What does motilin inhibit?

A

inhibited by eating a meal

86
Q

What is the stimulus for the release of GIP?

A

glucose, fatty acids, amino acids in small intestine

87
Q

What are the primary targets of GIP?

A

beta cells of pancreas

88
Q

What does GIP stimulate?

A

insulin release

89
Q

What does GIP inhibit?

A

gastric emptying and acid secretion

90
Q

What is the stimulus for the release of GLP-1?

A

a mixed meal that includes carbs or fats in the lumen

91
Q

What is the primary target(s) of GLP-1?

A

endocrine, pancreas

92
Q

What stimulates GLP-1?

A

insulin release

93
Q

What inhibits GLP-1?

A

glucagon release and gastric function

94
Q

What does GLP-1 promote?

A

satiety

95
Q

What are the three regulation phases?

A

cephalic, gastric, intestinal

96
Q

What stimulates our cephalic phase?

A

chewing, sight, smell, taste

97
Q

T/F in the cephalic phase the main type of digestion is mechanical.

A

true

98
Q

What is deglution?

A

swallowing

99
Q

What are the two phases of deglution?

A

oral phase- forming the bolus

esophageal phase- larynx closed so bolus travels down the esophagus

100
Q

What are four ways the cephalic phase is an example of our feedforward mechanism?

A
  1. CNS tells our stomach to relax before food enters it
  2. Peristalsis is initiated before food gets to the stomach
  3. Stimulates the secretion of gastrin from our G cells
  4. Stimulates the secretion of histamine from our ECL cells
101
Q

What stimulates the gastric phase?

A

stretch, acidity, amino acids and peptides in the stomach

Physio chapter 21 (1 decks)

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