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A&P Final Part 1 > Chapter 20 - The Heart - The Cardiac Cycle > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - The Heart - The Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 phases of the cardiac cycle

A

systole
diastole

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2
Q

What is happening during diastole

A

When the heart muscles are RELAXED and fill with blood

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3
Q

What is happening during systole

A

a CONTRACTION pumps blood out of the heart

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4
Q

In which phase are the semilunar valves open?

A

systole

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5
Q

What is the FIRST STEP of the cardiac cycle

A

atrial systole
atrial contraction forces blood into the ventricles

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6
Q

What happens after atrial systole?

A

atrial diastole
(atria relax)

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7
Q

What happens after atrial diastol?

A

1st phase of ventricular systole
(ventricular contraction pushes the AV valves closed but does not create enough pressure to open the semilunar valves

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8
Q

what happens after the 1st phase of ventricular systole?

A

2nd phase of ventricular systole
(ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in the arteries. SEMILUNAR VALVES OPEN AND BLOOD IS EJECTED)

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9
Q

What happens after the 2nd phase of ventricular systole?

A

ventricular diastole (early)
semilunar valves close and blood flows into the relaxed atria

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10
Q

what happens in ventricular diastole (late)

A

all chambers are relaxed and the ventricles fill passively

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11
Q

in which phase is blood from the atria ejected into the ventricles

A

when the atria contract (systole)

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12
Q

what is the “stroke volume” (SV)

A

the volume of blood ejected per beat (each ventricular ejects 70-80mL of blood)

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13
Q

what is the “end diastolic volume”

A

the maximum amount of blood that each ventricle will hold in this cycle

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14
Q

what does it mean when the ventricles are in “isovolumetric contraction”

A

the first phase of ventricular systole

ventricular pressures are not yet high enough to open the semilunar valves and force blood out, but tension and pressures are rising

ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS ARE OCCURRING

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15
Q

in ventricular ejection, what term can you use to describe their ejection

A

isotonic. the muscle cells shorten and tension production remains constant

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16
Q

What is the ESV?

A

END SYSTOLIC VOLUME

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17
Q

explain what end systolic volume means

A

the amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after the semilunar valve closes

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18
Q

when ventricular pressures fall below those of the atria, what happens?

A

the atrial pressures force the AV valves ope

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19
Q

what is “isovolumetric relaxation”

A

occurs during ventricular diastole
all the heart valves are closed. ventricular pressure drops rapidly over this period because of the elasticity of the connective tissues of the heart and cardiac skeleton helps “re expand” the ventricles to their resting dimensions

20
Q

when the heart rate increases, all the phases of the cardiac cycle are,,,

A

shortened

21
Q

what is the term for “listening to the heart”

A

auscultation

22
Q

what is used to listen to heart sounds

A

a stethoscope

23
Q

do the 2 ventricles eject equal volumes of blood?

A

yes

24
Q

what does EDV stand for and what does it mean

A

end diastolic volume

the amount of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole (the start of ventricular systole)

25
Q

what does ESV stand for and what does it mean

A

end systolic volume

the amount of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of ventricular systole

26
Q

What does SV stand for and what does it mean

A

stroke volume

the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle during a single beat

27
Q

how can the stroke volume (SV) be calculated?

A

SV= EDV-ESV

28
Q

what is the “ejection fraction”

A

the percentage of the EDV represented by the SV

29
Q

what is the most important factor in an examination of a single cardiac cycle?

A

stroke volume

30
Q

what does CO stand for and what does it mean

A

cardiac output

the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute

31
Q

CO=

A

SV * HR

32
Q

NAME 2 FACTORS AFFECTING HEART RATE

A

autonomic innervation(parasympathetic decreases heart rate)

hormones (epinephrine, norepenephrine, thyroid hormone all increase heart rate)

33
Q

name 2 factors affecting stroke volume

A

EDV ESV

34
Q

What is the “autonomic headquarters” for cardiac control?

A

the cardiac centers of the medulla oblongata

35
Q

acetylcholine ____ heart rate

A

decreases

36
Q

acetylcholine is released by ___ neurons

A

parasympathetic

37
Q

“filling time” is the duration of the……

A

ventricular diastole

38
Q

what is the “venous return”

A

the amount of blood returning to the heart through the veins

39
Q

what ADJUSTS the heart rate in response to the venous return

A

the atrial reflex

39
Q

what ADJUSTS the heart rate in response to the venous return

A

the atrial reflex

40
Q

what ADJUSTS the heart rate in response to the venous return

A

the atrial reflex

41
Q

filling time depends entirely on…..

A

the heart rate

42
Q

what is the preload?

A

the degree of stretching in ventricular muscle cells during ventriculr diastole

43
Q

what is the “afterload”

A

the amount of tension that the contracting ventricle must produce to force open the semilunar valve to eject blood

44
Q

the greater the EDV, the ____ the preload

A

larger

45
Q

what is the term for the amount of force produced by a singular contraction?

A

contractility

46
Q

what is the cardiac reserve?

A

the difference between resting and maximal output

A&P Final Part 1 (9 decks)

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